WEBVTT

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Real pleasure for me to introduce today's
speaker,

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who I've actually known for quite a long
time before she was here at Salem State

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many years before.

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She's also my collaborator,
my office mate here at Salem State,

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and a fellow seaweed fanatic, Dr.

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Lindsey Green Gabrielli.

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Many of you know her as Doctor,
GA professor in our biology department,

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and she is also one of the people who
makes this Darwin festival possible.

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Lindsay's been fascinated by the ocean
since she was young,

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a curiosity that eventually grew into a
career focused on seaweeds,

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organisms that don't always get the
spotlight but are absolutely foundational

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to marine ecosystems.

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Her work stands applied seaweed research,
including sustainable aquaculture,

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invasive species, seaweed blooms,
and how changes in habitat forming

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seaweeds ripple through coastal food webs
and communities.

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She earned her PhD from the University of
New Hampshire Wildcats Forever,

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where she studied red seaweeds in the
genus Porphyra and Piropia,

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better known as nori.

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The seaweeds some of you might enjoy
wrapped around sushi.

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Her PhD research examined how
environmental conditions affect growth

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and Physiology of morning,
with the goal of improving sustainable

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aquaculture and reducing nutrient
pollution in coastal waters.

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Lindsay went on to conduct applied
morning research as a postdoctoral

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scholar at the University of Rhode Island.

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GO ramps.

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She shifted from studying seaweeds and
cultivation to understanding how they

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behave in really real coastal ecosystems,
investigating seaweed blooms and invasive

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species,
and how changes in seaweed communities

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affect coastal food, waves and habitats.

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Across her career,
she's co-authored 22 peer review

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publications and mentored 46
undergraduate researchers,

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reflecting a deep commitment to student
learning and collaborative hands on

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science.

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In addition to her teaching and research,
Lindsay serves as Co Coordinator of the

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Northeast Massachusetts Aquaculture
Center,

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supporting sustainable aquaculture and
local partnerships along our coast.

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Lindsay is also passionate about science
communication.

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She's written widely for a public
audience,

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including nearly 30 articles for Enviro
Bites,

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translating current research on topics
like kelp forests, microplastics,

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and aquaculture into stories meant to be
accessible, engaging,

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and relevant to a non scientist audience.

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Her work has been featured in outlets
ranging from local and regional regional

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press to National Science Foundation
media.

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After teaching marine biology and general
biology for five years at Salva Regina

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University in Newport, RI,
Lindsay joined the Salem State University

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Biology department in the fall of 2024.

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He or she teaches both majors and non
majors courses and brings together marine

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ecology,
equity based pedagogy and public

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engagement.

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Today,
Lindsay will share research on how kelp

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and rockweed abundance and distribution
in our coastal waters are shifting in a

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changing climate.

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Please join me in welcoming Dr.

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Lindsay Green Gabriel, I'm really loud.

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So if I'm too loud, somebody just tell me.

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Please, Mia, tell me if I'm too loud.

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OK.

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All right, Good morning, everyone.

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Welcome and happy Friday.

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It is my great pleasure to share lots of
fun seaweed science with the audience

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today.

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All right,
so to give a brief outline here because

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it's going to seem like I'm going to
bounce around a little bit,

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I'm going to introduce you to what kelp
is and why it's important.

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This is one of our habitat forming
seaweeds that you can see down here.

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I'm then going to talk to you about rock
weeds.

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These are both things that probably most
of you have seen in your life or eaten or

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used a product that contains them in your
everyday life.

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All right, toothpaste,
dissolvable stitches, all kinds of things,

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non dairy Creamer, I could go on forever.

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I'm then going to introduce you and kind
of discuss some of the work that I did

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when I was still in Rhode Island
assessing changes in these habitats.

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So going out and doing about 50 scuba
dive surveys over the course of a couple

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years all over Rhode Island and
Narragansett Bay,

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trying to document changes,
and then where we go from here.

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Full disclosure,
I will obviously highlight some of my own

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research and the research of my students,
but I'll also be highlighting research

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from plenty of other collaborators and
scientists in the region that have helped

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us better understand what's going on in
our coastal ecosystems.

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However, we are at the Darwin Festival.

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So let's start with a couple quotes from
Darwin about kelp, right?

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Most people don't think of,
they probably think of Galapagos finches.

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They might think of the tortoises,
they might think of botany when they

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think of Darwin.

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But he also did tons of work in the
marine realm and he wrote about kelps.

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So I,
I pulled a couple of quotes that are

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relevant and also put some pictures of me
over the years to just give a little bit

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of background about my research life and
life in general.

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So this quote up here says the number of
living creatures of all orders whose

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existence intimately depends on the kelp
is wonderful.

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And I couldn't agree more.

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So he wrote this in the 1830s and it was
published in The Voyage of the Beagle.

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This over here,
this person in this kelp forest,

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That's me.

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I was first,
I first began studying kelp in the giant

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kelp forest on the West Coast during my
masters degree,

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which was at Northeastern Go Huskies.

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And I was looking mostly at ecology,
looking at urchin,

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which I'll talk about urchins again in a
little bit,

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urchin ecology in kelp forests.

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So that was sort of my introduction to
kelp.

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You might be asking yourself,
how does somebody end up studying

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seaweeds?

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Well, for me, as a young kid,
I grew up in the White Mountains of New

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Hampshire, far away from the ocean.

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I loved marine biology since I was a kid.

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My mother, I don't really believe her,
but I'm going to let her continue telling

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this story.

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My mother always told people that my
first word was whale, which is like,

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maybe it was like, what?

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But it's, we'll give it to all right,
because I had older siblings that were

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reading ocean books.

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So when I went to college,
I'm a first generation college student.

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When I went to college, I thought,
I want to study marine biology.

1b217bcf-9634-4a9f-b6d0-5c56a1580b47-0
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That means I'm going to study dolphins
and whales, right?

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Because that's what good marine
biologists do.

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So I,
I started my college career in Florida.

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I spent about 18 months there,
during which there were many hurricanes,

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and I was like, what am I doing here?

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This is horrible.

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Get Me Out of here.

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I transferred to Northeastern the mid
year,

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so second semester my sophomore year,
and my first interaction with algae ever

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came at an undergraduate research
experience.

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So I had the opportunity to do research
with a faculty member at Woods Hole

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Oceanographic, which is on Cape Cod,
when I was an undergrad at Northeastern.

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That was microalgae.

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So teeny things you can only look at with
a with a microscope.

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And to be honest, I was like,
I love doing research, but like,

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this is not my thing.

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I was like those little things out there.

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I like being in the field.

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I like doing stuff,
but I'm never going to study algae.

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That didn't work out for me.

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00:07:54.120 --> 00:07:58.168
When I finished my undergrad,
I decided I I would keep going in marine

fc0da678-b092-4a67-a250-2ef5ce2fbad1-1
00:07:58.168 --> 00:08:00.963
science,
but I really did not know what group of

fc0da678-b092-4a67-a250-2ef5ce2fbad1-2
00:08:00.963 --> 00:08:02.560
organisms I wanted to study.

1b742e5d-64fa-48aa-8e4b-484a43e5e02b-0
00:08:02.880 --> 00:08:06.078
So I enrolled in a,
a professional master's program,

1b742e5d-64fa-48aa-8e4b-484a43e5e02b-1
00:08:06.078 --> 00:08:08.734
also in Northeastern called the Three
Seas,

1b742e5d-64fa-48aa-8e4b-484a43e5e02b-2
00:08:08.734 --> 00:08:13.200
where you get to spend 1 semester in each
of the major marine ecosystems.

84de7865-ccc8-4973-880a-ddc5e563dfd4-0
00:08:13.440 --> 00:08:15.809
So you do a semester in the hunt it it
changes,

84de7865-ccc8-4973-880a-ddc5e563dfd4-1
00:08:15.809 --> 00:08:18.080
but the year I did it a semester in the
hunt.

f6d5cf2b-9b1e-485e-95c2-c7b41d906ce0-0
00:08:18.080 --> 00:08:21.488
Then I we went to French Polynesia and
lived there for three months and studied

f6d5cf2b-9b1e-485e-95c2-c7b41d906ce0-1
00:08:21.488 --> 00:08:22.000
coral reefs.

fc9967f7-9f47-4fca-851a-6a0e2cea17b9-0
00:08:22.360 --> 00:08:26.200
And then we were in Catalina Island,
which is off of Los Angeles.

8e36d2d1-fb70-4217-bb0d-3b8c2c8c884a-0
00:08:26.520 --> 00:08:28.999
And while Los Angeles is warm,
Catalina is cold,

8e36d2d1-fb70-4217-bb0d-3b8c2c8c884a-1
00:08:28.999 --> 00:08:30.720
and so the kelp forests are there.

87ccc9f4-c2eb-4f33-95d2-e4ad0a3ec3cd-0
00:08:31.680 --> 00:08:34.680
My first semester in that program,
I met a man named Don Cheney.

44780276-865c-4753-92b4-2a06a05d582a-0
00:08:34.960 --> 00:08:36.480
And I know Thea knows Don.

d12665a3-6ea7-49eb-a93b-42f7fcf66bc9-0
00:08:37.400 --> 00:08:41.880
He's a professor at Northeastern,
and he was obsessed with algae.

e3b80544-5b86-4f96-a6ef-b36a5feed53b-0
00:08:42.160 --> 00:08:44.640
And I took a class with him that was all
about algae.

97fd6dc0-3604-4e4a-acfb-e027af5d2701-0
00:08:44.640 --> 00:08:47.931
And I thought, Oh my God,
I've never learned anything about algae

97fd6dc0-3604-4e4a-acfb-e027af5d2701-1
00:08:47.931 --> 00:08:48.480
in my life.

8a462cf1-4d54-43a6-af20-b9c749c7b53b-0
00:08:48.760 --> 00:08:51.640
What are these weird things and how can I
study them forever?

a1fb2b81-a2fb-4617-985f-73bdce6b8f0d-0
00:08:51.760 --> 00:08:54.400
That's not exactly what I thought,
but you know, something close to that.

2393d5e1-3478-4d83-8058-41ce3b8101a2-0
00:08:55.240 --> 00:08:57.000
So that was it for me.

64caa182-2073-47f3-b80a-903f2b957319-0
00:08:57.280 --> 00:09:01.702
I have been studying seaweeds ever since
in a variety of ways,

64caa182-2073-47f3-b80a-903f2b957319-1
00:09:01.702 --> 00:09:04.440
which Thea so kindly introduced you to.

4c54ef86-70c7-4ba8-9a17-62029d6b2513-0
00:09:04.760 --> 00:09:07.080
But this was sort of the big moment for
me.

25acbf5c-f2a4-4ed8-9eb9-e84cfc8c0611-0
00:09:07.080 --> 00:09:12.070
This is my first research study,
the first time I ever published a paper

25acbf5c-f2a4-4ed8-9eb9-e84cfc8c0611-1
00:09:12.070 --> 00:09:16.720
working in kelp forest in California
transition many years forward.

924b582f-b36d-4359-ae51-e0c46ecf9d8f-0
00:09:17.400 --> 00:09:18.520
I'm still working in kelp.

e3083491-0fe5-4525-a6ca-21170a8613b3-0
00:09:18.520 --> 00:09:23.640
So this is me doing some surveys in Rhode
Island looking at kelp forest abundance.

5baeccf3-8922-4a3f-be55-1756fb7fcb1c-0
00:09:23.640 --> 00:09:27.009
And I'll give you another quote from
Charles Darwin here after I'm going to

5baeccf3-8922-4a3f-be55-1756fb7fcb1c-1
00:09:27.009 --> 00:09:29.360
talk about the pictures 1st and then I'll
come back.

0c0eaae3-eba2-43bd-8dbe-3706c054b894-0
00:09:29.640 --> 00:09:32.040
So Thea mentioned I work in aquaculture.

d7388354-0348-4ac8-a691-ae4f13936988-0
00:09:32.040 --> 00:09:34.080
I'm, I'm like A2 sided brain.

37fc977a-4622-49ea-9d41-3a53463a4c33-0
00:09:34.360 --> 00:09:36.560
One part of my brain is marine ecology.

6884fd34-fec0-4f03-966e-074649eef740-0
00:09:36.560 --> 00:09:38.520
How do humans impact the marine realm?

033b2b34-3488-44d0-875b-38919edd49c6-0
00:09:38.800 --> 00:09:43.021
The other side is how do we grow things
and how do we grow things that people

033b2b34-3488-44d0-875b-38919edd49c6-1
00:09:43.021 --> 00:09:45.240
want to eat that are good for our planet.

516b40c6-97e0-40e5-a41f-dfdee606aca7-0
00:09:45.600 --> 00:09:48.760
And that's where the sustainable
aquaculture comes in.

5089f866-7ea1-4634-91ac-497bb2407e11-0
00:09:48.760 --> 00:09:53.611
So these pictures are from projects where
we're growing kelp on oyster farms in

5089f866-7ea1-4634-91ac-497bb2407e11-1
00:09:53.611 --> 00:09:54.400
Rhode Island.

4f995aa1-5b19-4b35-8863-d154e54a1544-0
00:09:54.840 --> 00:09:58.948
This is me harvesting some kelp during
the restoration project or not a

4f995aa1-5b19-4b35-8863-d154e54a1544-1
00:09:58.948 --> 00:10:02.600
restoration AM survey project that we're
doing in Rhode Island.

94f02c20-02f7-48ae-9078-15e9c9037d14-0
00:10:03.360 --> 00:10:08.306
But here I give you another quote from
Charles Darwin that I also love and will

94f02c20-02f7-48ae-9078-15e9c9037d14-1
00:10:08.306 --> 00:10:12.635
be very relevant to my talk,
which is basically talking about how you

94f02c20-02f7-48ae-9078-15e9c9037d14-2
00:10:12.635 --> 00:10:16.840
can only compare kelp forest to
terrestrial forest in their wonder.

c66c8f99-89fd-441e-be8b-6e56c3b9179f-0
00:10:17.120 --> 00:10:21.200
But he kind of surmises here that they're
more important.

95be77d0-850c-4a50-bc5c-e564dbf7d658-0
00:10:21.320 --> 00:10:25.000
They support more animals potentially
than terrestrial forest,

95be77d0-850c-4a50-bc5c-e564dbf7d658-1
00:10:25.000 --> 00:10:28.856
which they're important,
but I don't know if pound for pound they

95be77d0-850c-4a50-bc5c-e564dbf7d658-2
00:10:28.856 --> 00:10:30.200
would trump the Amazon.

9144316d-7179-44bf-9a81-b69f4ad29910-0
00:10:30.200 --> 00:10:30.920
I don't think so.

637bba68-bff7-4b87-a584-56bbf6298147-0
00:10:32.240 --> 00:10:37.024
But this is sort of just to kind of give
you an introduction to the wonderful

637bba68-bff7-4b87-a584-56bbf6298147-1
00:10:37.024 --> 00:10:41.746
importance of these things that you
probably have not thought a lot about in

637bba68-bff7-4b87-a584-56bbf6298147-2
00:10:41.746 --> 00:10:42.360
your life.

b607673a-86f0-47bc-907d-831857226fc8-0
00:10:44.200 --> 00:10:48.050
So what am I talking about when I'm
talking about the kelps,

b607673a-86f0-47bc-907d-831857226fc8-1
00:10:48.050 --> 00:10:52.847
I'm talking about these giant brown algae
for the marine botanists that are

b607673a-86f0-47bc-907d-831857226fc8-2
00:10:52.847 --> 00:10:57.960
aspiring in the groom we we have three
groups of algae, Reds, greens and Browns.

ddfc0410-b8bc-401c-885e-9c7dde242882-0
00:10:57.960 --> 00:11:01.320
Though color is a terrible way of
determining what kind of seaweed it is.

d5875a0f-436a-4b5e-87ff-9703c7139035-0
00:11:01.920 --> 00:11:03.800
But in the Browns, these are the big ones.

4eef1d06-6ca3-46b3-a223-687f45bd63cd-0
00:11:03.960 --> 00:11:07.995
So the giant forest forming kelps that we
see that are gorgeous,

4eef1d06-6ca3-46b3-a223-687f45bd63cd-1
00:11:07.995 --> 00:11:09.920
best scuba diving in the world.

a5989f68-e1e3-478c-8240-f079e5249709-0
00:11:11.840 --> 00:11:15.375
We don't have those on our coast,
but we have other kelps that are that

a5989f68-e1e3-478c-8240-f079e5249709-1
00:11:15.375 --> 00:11:16.800
give 3 dimensional structure.

3df5ca5a-c331-44bf-a561-0e28fb553848-0
00:11:17.240 --> 00:11:20.476
So these are all in a,
in a particular taxonomic group called

3df5ca5a-c331-44bf-a561-0e28fb553848-1
00:11:20.476 --> 00:11:21.520
the laminarialities.

b4d71ada-d391-4434-91c7-292de4f05c02-0
00:11:22.320 --> 00:11:25.760
They are cold water species all right.

144a6838-eb12-4634-9759-dff9cb5cb940-0
00:11:25.760 --> 00:11:30.038
So they extend from the polar to
subtropical areas,

144a6838-eb12-4634-9759-dff9cb5cb940-1
00:11:30.038 --> 00:11:34.400
but they generally like nutrient rich
cooler waters.

2929b9c3-7582-43eb-a270-efb075604cc3-0
00:11:35.600 --> 00:11:38.926
They are clearly ecologically very
important,

2929b9c3-7582-43eb-a270-efb075604cc3-1
00:11:38.926 --> 00:11:41.240
economically very important too.

28d744f8-0654-4e6c-b8ac-3fb25a372616-0
00:11:42.000 --> 00:11:46.916
A couple of things I wanted to highlight
if you were here for Doctor Fletcher's

28d744f8-0654-4e6c-b8ac-3fb25a372616-1
00:11:46.916 --> 00:11:52.016
talk yesterday about Indigenous cultures,
I kind of want to highlight there's some

28d744f8-0654-4e6c-b8ac-3fb25a372616-2
00:11:52.016 --> 00:11:56.871
ties here from some of the recent work
that's been done in archaeology showing

28d744f8-0654-4e6c-b8ac-3fb25a372616-3
00:11:56.871 --> 00:11:59.760
that there's a hypothesis called the Kelp
Hwy.

45fdb8fe-a44b-454c-b2e6-5d91f985e886-0
00:12:00.200 --> 00:12:08.770
that basically proposes that the
migration of people from Northeast Asia

45fdb8fe-a44b-454c-b2e6-5d91f985e886-1
00:12:08.770 --> 00:12:14.640
to North America was facilitated by kelp
forests.

b23074ee-3f43-4eba-be9a-4f4d492a20eb-0
00:12:14.880 --> 00:12:20.250
That they literally went along the
coastline harvesting animals and food and

b23074ee-3f43-4eba-be9a-4f4d492a20eb-1
00:12:20.250 --> 00:12:23.320
kelp from the forest to sustain their
life.

b382fcaa-30f6-45c7-bb85-1d9bc98e3e0f-0
00:12:23.360 --> 00:12:25.000
And they kind of did that as they went
along.

bc938b01-7d1e-4b40-b4b0-5fc8bdee9424-0
00:12:25.240 --> 00:12:28.565
So they found sort of archaeological,
archaeological sites,

bc938b01-7d1e-4b40-b4b0-5fc8bdee9424-1
00:12:28.565 --> 00:12:32.001
These are dating about about 20,000 years,
showing that they,

bc938b01-7d1e-4b40-b4b0-5fc8bdee9424-2
00:12:32.001 --> 00:12:35.160
at least some of them were dependent on
the kelp forest.

2fff2c80-bd3e-479d-9f00-26bcdea3e4b2-0
00:12:35.400 --> 00:12:37.880
There were clearly other populations
inland as well.

b3a925e7-513e-4133-8c0c-eb326e21265c-0
00:12:39.080 --> 00:12:42.259
In addition,
they found evidence that there were

b3a925e7-513e-4133-8c0c-eb326e21265c-1
00:12:42.259 --> 00:12:46.932
traditional ecological methods of
management of kelp forest that we can

b3a925e7-513e-4133-8c0c-eb326e21265c-2
00:12:46.932 --> 00:12:48.360
date back to 3000 BCE.

44c0680d-cd7b-412c-9cd4-4a1c0c6afb8a-0
00:12:48.760 --> 00:12:53.064
And in particular,
they were harvesting the kelp to eat,

44c0680d-cd7b-412c-9cd4-4a1c0c6afb8a-1
00:12:53.064 --> 00:12:57.520
but actually using it as a way of
cultivating row of fish.

4597f583-029b-437a-864c-3a14db217847-0
00:12:57.880 --> 00:13:01.978
So they would use it as a substrate to
get the fish to lay their eggs on that

4597f583-029b-437a-864c-3a14db217847-1
00:13:01.978 --> 00:13:04.080
they could then harvest the eggs to eat.

1032f655-b08d-4943-bb22-8292eb41c522-0
00:13:04.480 --> 00:13:09.065
And they would keep an eye on things like
if the kelp started to decline,

1032f655-b08d-4943-bb22-8292eb41c522-1
00:13:09.065 --> 00:13:14.209
they would start to use other substrates,
terrestrial made substrates such as Styx

1032f655-b08d-4943-bb22-8292eb41c522-2
00:13:14.209 --> 00:13:17.680
and woods from wood from the forest as
their substrate.

3028fbe8-9164-4f7f-b022-95c2074ce9eb-0
00:13:18.920 --> 00:13:23.120
This graph is showing you this is an
estimated value.

6edd8187-ae81-495c-ac7b-e65cc80b028b-0
00:13:23.680 --> 00:13:26.925
For better or worse,
everything has value because it's alive,

6edd8187-ae81-495c-ac7b-e65cc80b028b-1
00:13:26.925 --> 00:13:27.240
right?

007fd0c1-c1fb-4a59-a95f-f32000a9cd05-0
00:13:27.240 --> 00:13:30.600
We're biologists in here or aspiring
biologists hopefully.

a3515085-c7e1-4aa6-94ad-90ae38f21870-0
00:13:31.200 --> 00:13:36.038
But if we wanted to put a monetary value
on what kelp forest provide to us,

a3515085-c7e1-4aa6-94ad-90ae38f21870-1
00:13:36.038 --> 00:13:38.840
these are the estimates that have come
out.

01f4e1b2-114a-4d48-8970-1d7e42cd42b9-0
00:13:38.840 --> 00:13:42.562
So these numbers up here,
the different colors are different groups

01f4e1b2-114a-4d48-8970-1d7e42cd42b9-1
00:13:42.562 --> 00:13:43.000
of kelp.

0b8108fa-c5e1-47b2-b227-5d8f4d967ad1-0
00:13:43.720 --> 00:13:46.080
You obviously have the map where they
exist.

2562b0db-7c4f-4f2e-8f55-f62836558ee4-0
00:13:46.640 --> 00:13:50.208
And then these numbers,
the top number is a value per meter

2562b0db-7c4f-4f2e-8f55-f62836558ee4-1
00:13:50.208 --> 00:13:53.480
squared and the bottom number is the
value per region.

2408f1c5-123c-466c-9f35-f21b0edb5275-0
00:13:54.000 --> 00:13:59.477
And so if we go up and we look here in
the Northeast where we are,

2408f1c5-123c-466c-9f35-f21b0edb5275-1
00:13:59.477 --> 00:14:06.180
we see we mostly have Laminaria kelp in
Saccharina and we have an estimated value

2408f1c5-123c-466c-9f35-f21b0edb5275-2
00:14:06.180 --> 00:14:08.960
of almost $160 billion every year.

6445b0c0-864d-4d99-bce7-ef3592b4fd27-0
00:14:09.400 --> 00:14:13.400
So globally,
the average is about $500 billion.

5207fa94-22fa-401d-9a7d-5448e2123379-0
00:14:13.680 --> 00:14:17.080
These are the ecosystem services that are
provided by kelp forest.

cafa9aac-dd05-48fd-8c7f-be46b3cd6818-0
00:14:17.080 --> 00:14:20.720
So incredibly important and I hope I've
convinced you of that.

b2d5705e-a69a-4013-8a41-a04a09915a4d-0
00:14:20.720 --> 00:14:25.200
Now,
what do our species of kelp look like?

be0fef8f-4229-4191-8f1c-f8dcd9c4fb7c-0
00:14:25.440 --> 00:14:25.640
Right.

47935ed8-f6fd-4706-bd61-763df21d0d55-0
00:14:25.640 --> 00:14:29.920
We do not have giant forest forming kelp
here in our neck of the woods.

a7f6cd1e-e588-4fc3-b63e-7fe35e55d3a3-0
00:14:30.200 --> 00:14:33.804
But you, if you've been to the beach,
you might have seen something like this,

a7f6cd1e-e588-4fc3-b63e-7fe35e55d3a3-1
00:14:33.804 --> 00:14:36.040
this belt like structure washed up on the
beach.

c73ba90f-8ee2-4d26-808b-081270dad6c7-0
00:14:36.040 --> 00:14:37.360
How many of you have seen this before?

13da5bcc-ffa3-46ab-92ce-a30ef0062930-0
00:14:38.240 --> 00:14:40.400
Yeah, majority of the room.

444bbdad-3e54-4c6c-8a0b-9f9913051982-0
00:14:40.720 --> 00:14:45.789
So this is commonly called sugar kelp or
it goes by the scientific name Saccharina

444bbdad-3e54-4c6c-8a0b-9f9913051982-1
00:14:45.789 --> 00:14:46.400
latissima.

8526449b-a28b-4f10-b5ce-c6c2a025be3c-0
00:14:47.280 --> 00:14:49.080
The other key species we have.

8cbad497-5abe-4082-b4fe-512ce41e5558-0
00:14:49.080 --> 00:14:52.895
We do have some others,
but the other key species is this one

8cbad497-5abe-4082-b4fe-512ce41e5558-1
00:14:52.895 --> 00:14:55.418
here,
which is called Laminaria digitata

8cbad497-5abe-4082-b4fe-512ce41e5558-2
00:14:55.418 --> 00:14:57.880
because it looks like fingers on a hand.

08f91d8f-fe66-4516-9b6e-f1cf403710be-0
00:14:57.880 --> 00:15:01.640
It's got these strappy blades that come
out and you've probably seen that around.

ad097f1f-143d-466d-a4a4-05dacc8841cc-0
00:15:02.200 --> 00:15:06.383
So if you look at them underwater,
they create this pretty thick,

ad097f1f-143d-466d-a4a4-05dacc8841cc-1
00:15:06.383 --> 00:15:09.171
dense structure that we call a kelp
forest,

ad097f1f-143d-466d-a4a4-05dacc8841cc-2
00:15:09.171 --> 00:15:14.368
even though it doesn't look the same in
terms of three-dimensional structure as a

ad097f1f-143d-466d-a4a4-05dacc8841cc-3
00:15:14.368 --> 00:15:16.080
giant forest forming kelps.

88a7da72-3136-4119-8fd9-e81f6aeb043d-0
00:15:16.400 --> 00:15:19.360
But this can get, you know,
maybe 5 meters long.

03935674-41e8-4535-964c-f9b79317f57e-0
00:15:20.280 --> 00:15:21.280
That's pushing it.

e6e84183-c60b-4377-a32e-9907e87eea7c-0
00:15:21.280 --> 00:15:23.840
But that would be towards the Arctic that
they're getting that big.

0b18596a-ba1a-4e0b-acd4-9c3f12c844cd-0
00:15:23.840 --> 00:15:26.640
But more commonly 1 to 3 meters long.

f34d4d16-99a2-4e64-8e89-86700e6feb03-0
00:15:27.400 --> 00:15:28.720
It's pretty, pretty typical.

70a5d312-a9dd-4615-a1a3-5e46e40cfd92-0
00:15:30.640 --> 00:15:34.261
So if any of you have taken an ecology
class at any point in your life,

70a5d312-a9dd-4615-a1a3-5e46e40cfd92-1
00:15:34.261 --> 00:15:37.480
you might have learned of something
called the trophic cascade.

911b25f5-b9b9-496f-877e-2f1b189ccfc4-0
00:15:37.960 --> 00:15:43.320
And the kelp forest is often used as a
classic example of a trophic cascade.

d7ea0b24-c3cb-401d-b57b-44ae36d19ead-0
00:15:44.160 --> 00:15:47.440
On the left here we have the cute sea
otters.

77f9ffba-2293-41cd-8a71-f5098f0f0093-0
00:15:47.760 --> 00:15:51.560
Sea otters love to eat these little
gremlins that I also love.

7d14812d-b892-4c77-a046-ad8eaa7a27be-0
00:15:51.560 --> 00:15:55.240
But they are gremlins, sea urchins,
these spiky friends down here.

83bd70f8-c734-4d12-861e-3101255832db-0
00:15:55.720 --> 00:15:58.160
And these spiky friends like to eat our
kelp.

170d0635-4cf3-4839-a31e-61d92e3fd239-0
00:15:58.640 --> 00:16:03.260
So in a balanced ecosystem with the sea
otters present,

170d0635-4cf3-4839-a31e-61d92e3fd239-1
00:16:03.260 --> 00:16:09.862
sea otters are keeping urchin abundance
in check and therefore allowing kelp to

170d0635-4cf3-4839-a31e-61d92e3fd239-2
00:16:09.862 --> 00:16:10.440
thrive.

d536d383-540c-4f19-9f35-bb9f15ef34bc-0
00:16:11.480 --> 00:16:17.300
If instead you remove the sea otters,
as has happened in various places due to

d536d383-540c-4f19-9f35-bb9f15ef34bc-1
00:16:17.300 --> 00:16:22.089
over hunting by people,
you get a shift where suddenly you don't

d536d383-540c-4f19-9f35-bb9f15ef34bc-2
00:16:22.089 --> 00:16:27.173
have anything gobbling up the urchins as
quickly as a sea Otter can,

d536d383-540c-4f19-9f35-bb9f15ef34bc-3
00:16:27.173 --> 00:16:31.520
and now the urchins just totally mow down
the kelp forest.

a456d877-e2e4-49c2-a3b8-255b9fe8c67c-0
00:16:31.840 --> 00:16:33.640
So we call this an urchin barren.

5113a04f-3693-4297-b3f3-e439a851aeb5-0
00:16:34.480 --> 00:16:38.994
All right,
So what I want to why I'm showing you

5113a04f-3693-4297-b3f3-e439a851aeb5-1
00:16:38.994 --> 00:16:46.273
this is because there's been this long
held belief that in order to allow kelp

5113a04f-3693-4297-b3f3-e439a851aeb5-2
00:16:46.273 --> 00:16:50.880
force to thrive,
you must control the herbivores.

66ad096e-d460-40b9-8e2f-4c2674f06ed3-0
00:16:51.240 --> 00:16:54.920
In the herbivores primarily the most
damaging is the urchins.

8e18a70d-0abd-477b-9ee2-416f84c8ef14-0
00:16:55.240 --> 00:17:00.480
Now this is we don't have sea otters here
and we don't have this giant forming kelp.

216a4c9d-25ed-4fc9-b846-5d797416ca32-0
00:17:00.840 --> 00:17:05.880
But what we do have or historically did
have, were cod.

81841531-5cff-4cd8-80e4-b2f15ff5c8c3-0
00:17:06.360 --> 00:17:07.440
These are codfish.

fe03d6cd-34c5-4458-8c76-8fcb74e069dc-0
00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:10.440
This is my little New England kelp forest.

96ac4e1a-e2bc-4f47-821b-0ffcbf82dce5-0
00:17:10.840 --> 00:17:12.560
So we have codfish at the top.

ec55ecea-a94c-4bc9-a9f0-882486411595-0
00:17:12.560 --> 00:17:14.800
They are the ones that are eating the
urchins.

f9cb7b95-40a1-4655-80d2-1d37ad360bac-0
00:17:15.160 --> 00:17:19.590
We have the green sea urchin here in the
Gulf of Maine,

f9cb7b95-40a1-4655-80d2-1d37ad360bac-1
00:17:19.590 --> 00:17:22.280
and then you have the kelp forest.

fff6037d-39ed-4505-9cac-7d8c47ca98a1-0
00:17:22.480 --> 00:17:25.916
So when you have the cod,
the cod are controlling the urchin

fff6037d-39ed-4505-9cac-7d8c47ca98a1-1
00:17:25.916 --> 00:17:26.480
abundance.

72e97254-2ceb-4428-bfd5-9462f940616c-0
00:17:26.760 --> 00:17:33.202
The kelp forest thrives when you don't
have the cod, then the urgins may explode,

72e97254-2ceb-4428-bfd5-9462f940616c-1
00:17:33.202 --> 00:17:35.560
leading to reductions in kelp.

1a725178-cec2-4fa1-818c-2550d736490a-0
00:17:35.920 --> 00:17:37.977
And the story is more complicated than
that,

1a725178-cec2-4fa1-818c-2550d736490a-1
00:17:37.977 --> 00:17:39.760
but we'll get to that in just a second.

44bd88a3-7c2f-43b4-a9ca-5ce281b554f5-0
00:17:41.840 --> 00:17:45.066
All right,
so we know from decades of research that

44bd88a3-7c2f-43b4-a9ca-5ce281b554f5-1
00:17:45.066 --> 00:17:46.680
kelp forests are changing.

278f6065-032a-4e37-85b1-d0a5987105cc-0
00:17:47.520 --> 00:17:51.815
The the real premise here is sort of
trying to understand why are they

278f6065-032a-4e37-85b1-d0a5987105cc-1
00:17:51.815 --> 00:17:52.360
changing.

ff69fbce-b0db-4d36-a5f3-09ea0e18c3e6-0
00:17:52.360 --> 00:17:55.218
So I've,
I've kind of introduced to you how other

ff69fbce-b0db-4d36-a5f3-09ea0e18c3e6-1
00:17:55.218 --> 00:17:59.620
members of the community can have a huge
influence on the abundance of kelp,

ff69fbce-b0db-4d36-a5f3-09ea0e18c3e6-2
00:17:59.620 --> 00:18:03.621
but there are obviously other things that
are happening on our planet

ff69fbce-b0db-4d36-a5f3-09ea0e18c3e6-3
00:18:03.621 --> 00:18:06.880
simultaneously that are impacting these
forests as well.

6020f85d-164f-436a-91c3-d690a2d8ed5b-0
00:18:07.320 --> 00:18:12.560
So this is a map that's showing you
basically the rate of change of kelp

6020f85d-164f-436a-91c3-d690a2d8ed5b-1
00:18:12.560 --> 00:18:15.360
forest in different parts of the globe.

0f103bcd-9534-4251-aaf3-f94ed3d86be1-0
00:18:15.880 --> 00:18:21.091
And what I want you to notice is that so
a positive change would be in blue and a

0f103bcd-9534-4251-aaf3-f94ed3d86be1-1
00:18:21.091 --> 00:18:22.680
negative would be in red.

31c11f9f-efdc-4b61-8dc4-1ceb21c6c065-0
00:18:23.000 --> 00:18:26.520
A neutral is sort of like a clearish
color, but with a box around it.

339098a5-4bb7-4289-8139-8b5a1b22fafb-0
00:18:27.280 --> 00:18:32.920
What I want you to notice is that not all
cup forests are responding the same way.

e3c98dee-c56a-4f76-922d-4239295ceb5c-0
00:18:33.280 --> 00:18:33.600
All right.

799ad478-d749-4a3e-8618-30938ad32aba-0
00:18:33.600 --> 00:18:35.160
Some of them are doing OK.

cb348b4d-2d47-4812-8564-a3b94cb971bc-0
00:18:35.160 --> 00:18:38.700
They're just kind of maintaining the
status quo from the baseline that we're

cb348b4d-2d47-4812-8564-a3b94cb971bc-1
00:18:38.700 --> 00:18:39.160
measuring.

6778d9c6-8afc-49b8-9ea3-00cad799af8c-0
00:18:39.440 --> 00:18:42.680
Some of them are expanding and some of
them are declining.

aa9a42ba-a1f2-44c4-80ba-4517a3b34db3-0
00:18:43.200 --> 00:18:47.324
But by and large,
we're seeing many declines in many areas

aa9a42ba-a1f2-44c4-80ba-4517a3b34db3-1
00:18:47.324 --> 00:18:50.680
of the globe,
which we will kind of zoom in on.

d9f2f84c-6dd5-452e-ade6-ba1ec8a8da43-0
00:18:51.200 --> 00:18:54.640
But it's not as simple to say everywhere
on the planet they are declining.

f394e71c-a42d-47d0-b5c5-ce7e34401ea4-0
00:18:54.640 --> 00:18:56.600
That's not perfectly accurate.

775ceeb7-2372-4288-be8c-c41a5bc4e440-0
00:18:58.240 --> 00:19:01.240
However, in New England that is the case.

bacb53e4-1e82-41a1-9020-eaf2efbc21ea-0
00:19:02.040 --> 00:19:09.097
So kelp forests in New England have been
generally on the decline for two to three

bacb53e4-1e82-41a1-9020-eaf2efbc21ea-1
00:19:09.097 --> 00:19:14.284
decades now at this time,
and the decline has been much more

bacb53e4-1e82-41a1-9020-eaf2efbc21ea-2
00:19:14.284 --> 00:19:16.920
considerable in southern areas.

19392b0e-0783-45bf-a08a-dcac05d4cfa6-0
00:19:17.160 --> 00:19:20.797
Now, when I say southern areas,
I am here referring to southern New

19392b0e-0783-45bf-a08a-dcac05d4cfa6-1
00:19:20.797 --> 00:19:23.953
England because for both species,
both groups of seaweeds,

19392b0e-0783-45bf-a08a-dcac05d4cfa6-2
00:19:23.953 --> 00:19:28.073
I'm talking about today generally the
southern distribution on our coastline

19392b0e-0783-45bf-a08a-dcac05d4cfa6-3
00:19:28.073 --> 00:19:30.320
for kelp, we're going down to Long Island.

de9739d7-46bb-45f5-b19e-4cf223713886-0
00:19:30.320 --> 00:19:32.400
That's like historically the southern
distribution.

479378af-fadf-4339-ae37-66508a6e6823-0
00:19:32.720 --> 00:19:36.311
The rock weeds can extend farther to like
the Mid-Atlantic,

479378af-fadf-4339-ae37-66508a6e6823-1
00:19:36.311 --> 00:19:41.040
but certainly not into the subtropical
space, not on the not on our coastline.

8aafe1da-ce6a-464b-8242-dccc2afbc5ab-0
00:19:42.320 --> 00:19:48.150
This is a work by Colette Feehan and her
colleagues in southern New England and

8aafe1da-ce6a-464b-8242-dccc2afbc5ab-1
00:19:48.150 --> 00:19:53.033
Rhode Island specifically,
where she went out to a couple of sites

8aafe1da-ce6a-464b-8242-dccc2afbc5ab-2
00:19:53.033 --> 00:19:58.864
that had been surveyed extensively in
1980 and 1981 by a grad student at Uri at

8aafe1da-ce6a-464b-8242-dccc2afbc5ab-3
00:19:58.864 --> 00:19:59.520
the time.

caa89028-df07-400d-b66a-476d131a2231-0
00:20:00.080 --> 00:20:01.800
And she went back out with her colleagues.

a9612e18-c580-489e-b075-4c084dfd6039-0
00:20:01.800 --> 00:20:03.600
This is showing you the biomass of kelp.

f6ea30e8-fb4e-41e1-86fb-36e0e274eec3-0
00:20:03.840 --> 00:20:07.698
So you can see there was a decent biomass,
you know,

f6ea30e8-fb4e-41e1-86fb-36e0e274eec3-1
00:20:07.698 --> 00:20:12.067
between 10 and 25 kilograms per meter
squared at this site,

f6ea30e8-fb4e-41e1-86fb-36e0e274eec3-2
00:20:12.067 --> 00:20:15.853
Land's End and at Fort Weatherall, lower,
but nice,

f6ea30e8-fb4e-41e1-86fb-36e0e274eec3-3
00:20:15.853 --> 00:20:20.440
maybe 7-5 to 7 kilograms per meter
squared in the 80s in 2018.

a99f9136-d503-4d3e-bbcf-901c14256868-0
00:20:21.360 --> 00:20:21.880
Nothing.

8a6f0246-5757-4d17-8153-ec9136ccdf91-0
00:20:22.080 --> 00:20:27.200
And then do you see there's a teeny,
teeny, teeny tiny bar there, All right.

d175b2ff-4a90-4369-9762-1b7ecd82361f-0
00:20:27.240 --> 00:20:31.877
And so this is it's if you're a person
who has like frequented these locations

d175b2ff-4a90-4369-9762-1b7ecd82361f-1
00:20:31.877 --> 00:20:36.103
over the past several decades,
you know this just anecdotally by seeing

d175b2ff-4a90-4369-9762-1b7ecd82361f-2
00:20:36.103 --> 00:20:37.160
it with your eyes.

2d3b0385-b12a-4ea0-a716-13a01d32b1dd-0
00:20:37.480 --> 00:20:43.080
But this is quantitative assessment that
these kelp forests have been changing.

16e7ad88-37a7-4e6b-9e16-db68f76019b3-0
00:20:43.640 --> 00:20:45.800
And so the real question here is what's
going on?

2a4fdf33-6d0d-4565-a04b-24be15a16e6b-0
00:20:45.800 --> 00:20:47.280
What's driving these changes?

4f0076be-fbc3-4772-a8b4-d088a8504ecb-0
00:20:49.480 --> 00:20:53.000
Jumping to kelp forests in the Gulf of
Maine?

31114a6a-6c58-4e5a-8dbf-c131ca5c391d-0
00:20:53.400 --> 00:20:55.960
This is an important piece of the puzzle.

cdc44923-1015-4c15-8552-0419988798b9-0
00:20:55.960 --> 00:20:59.538
So the kelp forests in the Gulf of Maine
are typically much more extensive than

cdc44923-1015-4c15-8552-0419988798b9-1
00:20:59.538 --> 00:21:00.880
those in southern New England.

f6d986de-ba39-4abc-9dfb-41597e235e66-0
00:21:01.880 --> 00:21:07.351
And I introduce you to the sort of the
the trophic relationship between COD,

f6d986de-ba39-4abc-9dfb-41597e235e66-1
00:21:07.351 --> 00:21:08.560
urchins and kelp.

b3f2eb0b-23e5-4227-91f6-c7234af78e12-0
00:21:09.040 --> 00:21:11.240
But nature is complex.

e7be8921-0cdc-4d3d-83c7-e8848d88d9f5-0
00:21:11.680 --> 00:21:13.560
And so a brief story here.

14ea3d01-0877-494f-9c4c-fb180e4ea1a7-0
00:21:14.360 --> 00:21:17.800
How many of you were here for Doctor
Fletcher's talk yesterday?

69e8ab33-10ef-413d-b208-979cd8701198-0
00:21:19.040 --> 00:21:19.240
Great.

750a4c3c-cade-4cba-95f2-983ef7f83ffe-0
00:21:19.640 --> 00:21:24.964
So Doctor Fletcher was talking about
settlers and some of the observations

750a4c3c-cade-4cba-95f2-983ef7f83ffe-1
00:21:24.964 --> 00:21:29.508
they made when they came to the
northeastern area of the US So,

750a4c3c-cade-4cba-95f2-983ef7f83ffe-2
00:21:29.508 --> 00:21:35.046
and she had a quote basically where
somebody was remarking there were so many

750a4c3c-cade-4cba-95f2-983ef7f83ffe-3
00:21:35.046 --> 00:21:40.371
fish in the water that I could kind of
walk on top of them without my feet

750a4c3c-cade-4cba-95f2-983ef7f83ffe-4
00:21:40.371 --> 00:21:41.719
getting wet, right.

8fac26ea-c0a5-4a81-82db-70a64947f512-0
00:21:41.720 --> 00:21:46.539
So this is sort of the these are true
observations that were happening at that

8fac26ea-c0a5-4a81-82db-70a64947f512-1
00:21:46.539 --> 00:21:49.040
time when the settlers came to this area.

d2b316fe-9596-445f-9659-fb23a1eb1617-0
00:21:49.280 --> 00:21:51.560
The fish were abundant, all right.

a5e332be-9dc2-4762-9b0f-89ce116694bf-0
00:21:51.560 --> 00:21:55.160
And cod being sort of the top fish in the
Gulf of Maine.

c42001cb-4735-45ff-a44d-4f87f79ffd1b-0
00:21:55.920 --> 00:21:59.700
And people thought, well,
we couldn't possibly take too many of

c42001cb-4735-45ff-a44d-4f87f79ffd1b-1
00:21:59.700 --> 00:22:01.000
them out of the ocean.

eafc51cc-ca3c-4e43-b107-21c83faeec34-0
00:22:02.120 --> 00:22:03.600
Don't ever think that way.

379daeb8-d6ae-4bed-bac8-d6e91acc5b77-0
00:22:03.600 --> 00:22:04.920
OK, That's, that's bad.

01adb329-a6ab-46e9-8fdf-d9f73a4f2152-0
00:22:05.760 --> 00:22:07.200
And So what they, what did they do?

c3ce332b-93e7-436b-a247-8a5fdb8ca5a8-0
00:22:07.200 --> 00:22:08.960
They started harvesting the cod.

5802f737-a539-4641-8e17-d562c59b0022-0
00:22:08.960 --> 00:22:12.400
Obviously more and more people populated
the coast.

818ccb55-8a4c-4a3a-95ff-762c310c91ab-0
00:22:12.680 --> 00:22:17.054
But what really was detrimental to the
cod was technology got a lot better,

818ccb55-8a4c-4a3a-95ff-762c310c91ab-1
00:22:17.054 --> 00:22:17.400
right?

3b0028c1-3c20-443b-8bc4-75518c6e6729-0
00:22:17.400 --> 00:22:21.080
We could build bigger ships,
we could build bigger Nets,

3b0028c1-3c20-443b-8bc4-75518c6e6729-1
00:22:21.080 --> 00:22:24.760
and we could haul huge amounts of them
out of the ocean.

4d3098f8-fd66-438e-85eb-06540b982651-0
00:22:25.400 --> 00:22:25.960
And we did.

6dc522c2-651b-4a99-aeeb-ca158d2f36aa-0
00:22:26.800 --> 00:22:32.993
So the cod fishery which was keeping the
urchins in check to allow the kelp to

6dc522c2-651b-4a99-aeeb-ca158d2f36aa-1
00:22:32.993 --> 00:22:39.265
thrive collapsed in about the mid 20th
centuries of 1950s ish and hasn't really

6dc522c2-651b-4a99-aeeb-ca158d2f36aa-2
00:22:39.265 --> 00:22:42.480
recovered in a meaningful way since then.

d403270c-87c2-4459-a3f5-ecd13c744967-0
00:22:43.280 --> 00:22:47.826
And with that removal of the COD,
we had an explosion in green sea urchins

d403270c-87c2-4459-a3f5-ecd13c744967-1
00:22:47.826 --> 00:22:51.040
and of course the kelp forest suffered
tremendously.

3b64d7bf-2777-4856-9249-f901546597d9-0
00:22:52.000 --> 00:22:58.880
But then we decided that anybody ever had
uni before uni.

657c9a64-1adb-45c2-b6cb-06f764c4a79c-0
00:22:59.480 --> 00:23:00.840
Anybody know what uni is?

943d6087-ab53-4c3b-a8ef-6eefc867f66a-0
00:23:01.800 --> 00:23:06.440
Spoiler alert,
it is the gonads of sea urchins.

589256aa-9411-494f-82dd-706780968793-0
00:23:07.040 --> 00:23:12.240
So uni is a is a delicacy in sushi if you
like that it's the gonads of sea urchins.

551fe4c5-abd3-4aa1-a9dd-1b1af62cfaa6-0
00:23:12.560 --> 00:23:17.013
And it happens to be that the gonads of
the green sea urchin are apparently

551fe4c5-abd3-4aa1-a9dd-1b1af62cfaa6-1
00:23:17.013 --> 00:23:17.600
delicious.

cc10ebfe-1174-4e88-907a-b9bbb5f1da42-0
00:23:18.080 --> 00:23:19.920
And so we began to harvest those.

7cb7f2a5-7766-4b2b-a4c9-3404afa746e0-0
00:23:20.360 --> 00:23:23.495
So having Harvarded harvested all of the
top predator out,

7cb7f2a5-7766-4b2b-a4c9-3404afa746e0-1
00:23:23.495 --> 00:23:27.640
now we're harvesting the green sea
urchins, which should do what to the kelp.

cdf940ad-6534-42f8-8a26-b88c90f79c7b-0
00:23:28.640 --> 00:23:31.800
If we take the urchins out, yeah,
it's going to be good for the kelp, right?

928c6609-85f1-4f75-8851-a08aaa0b99b1-0
00:23:32.200 --> 00:23:36.620
So we begin to take the urchins out in
pretty significant volumes,

928c6609-85f1-4f75-8851-a08aaa0b99b1-1
00:23:36.620 --> 00:23:42.096
such to the extent that we consider them
to be ecologically extinct in many places

928c6609-85f1-4f75-8851-a08aaa0b99b1-2
00:23:42.096 --> 00:23:45.000
in the Gulf of Maine as of the early
2000s.

6af2aa0c-cbc7-4cb2-8e20-df98d406db64-0
00:23:45.440 --> 00:23:48.880
And as you would expect,
the kelp bounce back.

fd94cb32-4311-40e0-b665-7af530c83eab-0
00:23:49.320 --> 00:23:52.817
So in the 1990s, early 2000s,
we were like, oh,

fd94cb32-4311-40e0-b665-7af530c83eab-1
00:23:52.817 --> 00:23:55.440
the kelp is doing pretty great here.

3fd69ef9-36ac-4b01-8d0a-6961f0e19e9b-0
00:23:55.560 --> 00:23:58.880
We took out the COD,
but we've also taken out the urgents.

702ce66b-a464-4b4e-87d8-e084b1e679df-0
00:23:59.120 --> 00:24:01.935
So as,
as our classic ecology model would

702ce66b-a464-4b4e-87d8-e084b1e679df-1
00:24:01.935 --> 00:24:03.880
predict, kelp is doing great.

3af1ea1e-b404-4626-95a0-1217b7b2cb10-0
00:24:04.520 --> 00:24:08.196
However, people started to notice,
wait a second,

3af1ea1e-b404-4626-95a0-1217b7b2cb10-1
00:24:08.196 --> 00:24:11.800
it doesn't look like the kelp is doing so
great.

743781bb-1503-4fef-8428-8a6a3f82df2d-0
00:24:12.240 --> 00:24:15.120
We expect the kelp to be thriving.

e208b308-42f1-4a51-87bd-ca52172beb77-0
00:24:15.640 --> 00:24:20.548
And actually it looks like maybe maybe
it's starting to decrease and then people

e208b308-42f1-4a51-87bd-ca52172beb77-1
00:24:20.548 --> 00:24:23.760
start to think, OK,
something else is now happening.

48716ddf-4d59-44a5-a264-493b9b302095-0
00:24:23.760 --> 00:24:27.738
Maybe it's not just this relationship
with herbivores that's going to be

48716ddf-4d59-44a5-a264-493b9b302095-1
00:24:27.738 --> 00:24:31.171
critical to the kelp,
but also now other factors are beginning

48716ddf-4d59-44a5-a264-493b9b302095-2
00:24:31.171 --> 00:24:31.880
to stress it.

d4be543b-174d-40e1-a90c-a03f03b60e44-0
00:24:33.200 --> 00:24:36.880
This work up here was published in 2024.

44bba20b-ceba-46c2-b8f9-7cc0a659f99a-0
00:24:37.120 --> 00:24:39.840
And what it's basically showing you is
this is the coast of Maine.

23d87ec5-99b2-4e81-8b2b-0db420938413-0
00:24:40.400 --> 00:24:45.001
You have sort of the down east area in
blue and then mid coast Maine is in sort

23d87ec5-99b2-4e81-8b2b-0db420938413-1
00:24:45.001 --> 00:24:49.200
of green and yellowy in the in the warmer
colors down here in the South.

0c57d7a5-a260-482e-8c6f-91ddcadbd45a-0
00:24:49.640 --> 00:24:53.440
This is showing you the trajectory of
kelp since basically that time.

d3d0383a-c05e-4b53-8c52-b2c98a1fe1fd-0
00:24:53.440 --> 00:25:00.128
These surveys were done every year at
between 30 and 67 I think kelp forest

d3d0383a-c05e-4b53-8c52-b2c98a1fe1fd-1
00:25:00.128 --> 00:25:02.240
every year for 18 years.

22b61dc0-a03d-47ff-94b9-3449c216e3a7-0
00:25:02.400 --> 00:25:05.800
It's a very long term research study,
very extensive work.

09b3d8cf-29e5-4089-976e-3274c2e8df32-0
00:25:06.360 --> 00:25:10.556
And what you can see is that from
basically the early 2000s,

09b3d8cf-29e5-4089-976e-3274c2e8df32-1
00:25:10.556 --> 00:25:14.960
there's been a general decline in
basically all of these lines.

6b1fbe69-0ecc-4b90-9f33-c1ce6d7e4304-0
00:25:15.440 --> 00:25:18.833
York and Mid Coast,
the lines are pretty straight,

6b1fbe69-0ecc-4b90-9f33-c1ce6d7e4304-1
00:25:18.833 --> 00:25:22.560
but the percent cover is also generally
low, All right?

48e98980-0058-403c-8e49-fe946ff5ae53-0
00:25:22.920 --> 00:25:27.240
And so we're starting to see like, OK,
the urchins are basically not there.

038c8de6-18dc-4100-978e-1a717bced116-0
00:25:27.240 --> 00:25:28.880
They're not having a big impact on the
kelp.

0fc9f3f9-9ac2-4140-a403-d7b6b79c1c74-0
00:25:29.160 --> 00:25:33.480
Something else is beginning to negatively
impact the kelp at this time.

6d56130a-c9c1-44bb-8126-83f5c5f7c3aa-0
00:25:33.880 --> 00:25:38.880
All right, What is that thing?

ab83e702-0aa6-47aa-adc2-858097b5484f-0
00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:42.434
Well,
one of those things is what we refer to

ab83e702-0aa6-47aa-adc2-858097b5484f-1
00:25:42.434 --> 00:25:43.480
as turf algae.

35279ca7-3609-4c64-90b1-f8b1ca29de25-0
00:25:44.000 --> 00:25:48.647
All right, Turf algae is sort of,
it's basically anything that's like low

35279ca7-3609-4c64-90b1-f8b1ca29de25-1
00:25:48.647 --> 00:25:50.720
lying and looks sort of feathery.

1c22698c-b676-4063-a77f-772528bf28c2-0
00:25:50.920 --> 00:25:52.640
All right, it's a very vague term.

a0a14f6b-0411-4a64-aafa-448bac637045-0
00:25:52.800 --> 00:25:54.200
I'll show you some pictures in a second
though.

88663f58-cd04-4cb9-98b8-d9393e39d3f1-0
00:25:54.240 --> 00:25:57.120
That'll help on this slide.

a520558a-c735-4f7f-9f90-561e5e0edafa-0
00:25:57.120 --> 00:25:59.200
Hopefully you can see this here is a kelp.

95083dd9-464f-4f76-a2a8-14b3c83a5dd6-0
00:25:59.560 --> 00:26:00.680
This is a green algae.

71163762-d516-4f5f-9497-9574e4b8fc45-0
00:26:00.680 --> 00:26:03.390
So ignore that one,
but these ones here and these,

71163762-d516-4f5f-9497-9574e4b8fc45-1
00:26:03.390 --> 00:26:05.728
not that one,
but these three and this one,

71163762-d516-4f5f-9497-9574e4b8fc45-2
00:26:05.728 --> 00:26:08.120
these would all be considered sort of
turfy.

24d14a1d-e7a2-47c3-a82d-5d34368999b5-0
00:26:08.560 --> 00:26:10.040
They're kind of low in stature.

2f05a955-61ae-4ca6-af1b-3ff0d9769ca6-0
00:26:10.040 --> 00:26:13.240
They're really filamentous,
as a psychologist would say.

ef900d0c-ec43-4351-9cdb-e01ec8490615-0
00:26:14.040 --> 00:26:18.382
And in 2017,
Jeff Dykstra from UNH Go Wildcats and her

ef900d0c-ec43-4351-9cdb-e01ec8490615-1
00:26:18.382 --> 00:26:22.014
team,
they she published a study showing that

ef900d0c-ec43-4351-9cdb-e01ec8490615-2
00:26:22.014 --> 00:26:27.382
areas in the Isle of Shoals,
which is a group of islands off of the

ef900d0c-ec43-4351-9cdb-e01ec8490615-3
00:26:27.382 --> 00:26:33.067
coast of New Hampshire in Maine,
had begun to transition to turfy algae

ef900d0c-ec43-4351-9cdb-e01ec8490615-4
00:26:33.067 --> 00:26:35.120
and away from kelp forest.

fd925870-cab9-4a35-ab7f-17a252be9a38-0
00:26:36.120 --> 00:26:39.622
And one of the big contributors was this
beautiful,

fd925870-cab9-4a35-ab7f-17a252be9a38-1
00:26:39.622 --> 00:26:45.281
objectively beautiful red algae up here,
which happens to be an introduced species,

fd925870-cab9-4a35-ab7f-17a252be9a38-2
00:26:45.281 --> 00:26:49.457
Daisy, Sophonia japonica, came in to,
we first documented it,

fd925870-cab9-4a35-ab7f-17a252be9a38-3
00:26:49.457 --> 00:26:53.566
we as in psychology,
but Craig Schneider first documented it

fd925870-cab9-4a35-ab7f-17a252be9a38-4
00:26:53.566 --> 00:26:56.799
in southern New England in, I don't know,
2007.

3342aac9-e279-4bd3-8102-74af9b32a7cd-0
00:26:56.840 --> 00:26:59.560
Do you remember 2009?

083e3716-b1ca-49e8-8800-fa8ed5f201dd-0
00:26:59.760 --> 00:27:00.760
Yeah, somewhere in that range.

2b7eef38-19ee-4bfe-9a05-9579c8ab85e2-0
00:27:00.760 --> 00:27:06.183
So it's a recent invader and what Jen
published was basically saying, OK,

2b7eef38-19ee-4bfe-9a05-9579c8ab85e2-1
00:27:06.183 --> 00:27:10.800
the three-dimensional structure of these
habitats is changing.

3008bcf8-923e-444a-b4b6-281013c482a7-0
00:27:10.800 --> 00:27:15.458
We're going from these really long
strappy seaweeds to things that are much

3008bcf8-923e-444a-b4b6-281013c482a7-1
00:27:15.458 --> 00:27:18.400
lower to the ground that are much more
complex.

86ec3ed6-b8b3-4334-ab2b-31dab49039b1-0
00:27:18.720 --> 00:27:21.440
And So what is the outcome of this going
to be?

3872698f-5052-45e8-afd3-45357e94589d-0
00:27:21.640 --> 00:27:24.992
Well,
she actually published information saying

3872698f-5052-45e8-afd3-45357e94589d-1
00:27:24.992 --> 00:27:28.204
that introduced is turf algae native is
kelp,

3872698f-5052-45e8-afd3-45357e94589d-2
00:27:28.204 --> 00:27:31.765
that the mean complexity of the habitat
increases,

3872698f-5052-45e8-afd3-45357e94589d-3
00:27:31.765 --> 00:27:36.724
the number of invertebrates increases,
and the species richness of the

3872698f-5052-45e8-afd3-45357e94589d-4
00:27:36.724 --> 00:27:38.400
invertebrates supported.

5780ce0d-1125-44c6-a4b6-87b55f14970e-0
00:27:38.400 --> 00:27:40.600
There was no real significant increase.

139025e9-d4f6-4d91-9548-a426a24bd846-0
00:27:40.880 --> 00:27:43.987
But this actually shows, oh, OK,
these turfy habitats,

139025e9-d4f6-4d91-9548-a426a24bd846-1
00:27:43.987 --> 00:27:48.225
they're much more complex because of the
filamentous structure and they're

139025e9-d4f6-4d91-9548-a426a24bd846-2
00:27:48.225 --> 00:27:49.920
supporting more invertebrates.

278b2f50-d1e2-4385-94b7-94d568c5e240-0
00:27:49.920 --> 00:27:52.113
So like,
maybe this isn't going to be so bad,

278b2f50-d1e2-4385-94b7-94d568c5e240-1
00:27:52.113 --> 00:27:52.400
right?

4360d71c-17b7-4d54-b135-fdb035b8ea8e-0
00:27:52.960 --> 00:27:53.280
Wrong.

2b01496b-02d7-436e-92c9-63e4cb7bb43f-0
00:27:55.960 --> 00:28:01.031
Now now Fast forward a little bit and
Shane Farrell just published this work

2b01496b-02d7-436e-92c9-63e4cb7bb43f-1
00:28:01.031 --> 00:28:06.102
last year in Science showing that this
these transitions from kelp forest to

2b01496b-02d7-436e-92c9-63e4cb7bb43f-2
00:28:06.102 --> 00:28:10.120
turf communities have begun to extend up
the coast of Maine.

31507c6a-fb8d-48e9-a716-56044d13138b-0
00:28:10.840 --> 00:28:14.480
So this is a nice picture of what a turf
community would look like.

a3ad4a82-2346-42c4-89a4-8819c7c73cba-0
00:28:14.480 --> 00:28:16.720
Lots of different types of seaweeds in a
turf community.

775fb581-b212-4307-ae0e-31edf6e2e0af-0
00:28:17.120 --> 00:28:21.348
But these are what we,
we psychologists typically refer to as

775fb581-b212-4307-ae0e-31edf6e2e0af-1
00:28:21.348 --> 00:28:22.440
the fluffy Reds.

d2597284-98d0-4909-bd15-7ef4b190ed0e-0
00:28:22.520 --> 00:28:27.241
They're the tough ones to ID typically
versus a kelp forest dominated habitat,

d2597284-98d0-4909-bd15-7ef4b190ed0e-1
00:28:27.241 --> 00:28:27.600
right?

b0dd7bd2-6384-4e10-be09-e76764f5bc9f-0
00:28:27.600 --> 00:28:28.720
So they look very different.

839fccc1-be44-4d6a-9ac0-b04ad6784f54-0
00:28:29.320 --> 00:28:34.509
And this is showing you again the coast
of Maine with these sort of southern mid

839fccc1-be44-4d6a-9ac0-b04ad6784f54-1
00:28:34.509 --> 00:28:37.520
coastal Maine sites and then up and down
east.

dd04be04-c971-471b-bdfa-dbcaa7d12095-0
00:28:37.960 --> 00:28:42.240
And these graphs over here are basically
saying this is turf algae or this is kelp.

2e051f0d-1d13-4190-84c4-a2d712febbcf-0
00:28:42.600 --> 00:28:46.667
So it appears that in the southern part
of the state especially,

2e051f0d-1d13-4190-84c4-a2d712febbcf-1
00:28:46.667 --> 00:28:51.360
we have overwhelmingly dominating turf
habitat now at the expense of kelp.

f1141c5b-71ba-4917-835c-f73233a86ff5-0
00:28:51.640 --> 00:28:54.280
It almost excludes kelp in many ways from
the habitat.

477311e0-c2f1-4b28-91f5-94d7e832e137-0
00:28:54.280 --> 00:28:55.440
They're not coexisting.

e55f45d0-25bb-4f10-b3e8-e0bb7af2da28-0
00:28:56.400 --> 00:28:59.627
And in the colder areas up here in the
north,

e55f45d0-25bb-4f10-b3e8-e0bb7af2da28-1
00:28:59.627 --> 00:29:04.960
we're still seeing quite a lot of kelp in
those habitats, not so much turf.

9f687a11-97e5-4263-8ab2-8fd0cf8d641c-0
00:29:05.280 --> 00:29:10.319
So it's like a slow March N for these
habitats in terms of this change in

9f687a11-97e5-4263-8ab2-8fd0cf8d641c-1
00:29:10.319 --> 00:29:11.000
structure.

d2928208-dfd3-4680-bb21-76ab134a4547-0
00:29:12.720 --> 00:29:15.160
And remember I just said they're not
coexisting well.

eb0f9fae-8ff1-4e8f-9b2a-5a43ba1909db-0
00:29:15.160 --> 00:29:16.600
Why aren't they coexisting?

a7dfbaf3-c260-47c6-ac3f-dcff7dde0365-0
00:29:16.680 --> 00:29:17.800
Why don't they coexist?

2c24b3cc-ed33-439b-81e9-847fe68ecf36-0
00:29:18.240 --> 00:29:23.879
Well, ferals, in his paper,
I did a bunch of experiments where he's

2c24b3cc-ed33-439b-81e9-847fe68ecf36-1
00:29:23.879 --> 00:29:28.440
looking at chemical competition between
these species.

29b4777e-e385-4e08-b5c4-0b362e7c2912-0
00:29:28.880 --> 00:29:33.528
And So what he's showing in these graphs,
and I'll walk you through them in just a

29b4777e-e385-4e08-b5c4-0b362e7c2912-1
00:29:33.528 --> 00:29:36.104
second,
is that these turf algae are actually

29b4777e-e385-4e08-b5c4-0b362e7c2912-2
00:29:36.104 --> 00:29:39.520
producing and releasing chemicals that
are killing the kelp.

93920daf-1c47-4288-a8a3-50f00dda3ed2-0
00:29:40.120 --> 00:29:40.440
All right?

6d89b15d-19ff-47d4-8dec-a85d10359011-0
00:29:40.520 --> 00:29:42.600
And they're not killing the bladed part
of the kelp.

c971ce68-9015-4978-9aeb-7ec59a9b48c8-0
00:29:42.600 --> 00:29:46.008
They're killing the microscopic phase of
its life history,

c971ce68-9015-4978-9aeb-7ec59a9b48c8-1
00:29:46.008 --> 00:29:49.360
which it has to go through to get back to
the blade form.

8995f5d5-6485-4992-8d24-cc20212af350-0
00:29:51.160 --> 00:29:53.596
I will spare you kelp life history today,
guys,

8995f5d5-6485-4992-8d24-cc20212af350-1
00:29:53.596 --> 00:29:55.880
unless you really want to go down that
road.

e0e489ba-61a3-4d8d-9bd2-706dca77f722-0
00:29:56.680 --> 00:29:58.280
OK, so here's your turfy Reds.

ac99e287-4eae-4089-ad91-e133440ec2df-0
00:29:58.520 --> 00:30:02.229
This is what a microscopic picture of a
kelp looks like, all right,

ac99e287-4eae-4089-ad91-e133440ec2df-1
00:30:02.229 --> 00:30:05.556
Doesn't look like that big blade that you
are familiar with,

ac99e287-4eae-4089-ad91-e133440ec2df-2
00:30:05.556 --> 00:30:09.974
but it has to go from that big blade to
this microscopic form to get back to the

ac99e287-4eae-4089-ad91-e133440ec2df-3
00:30:09.974 --> 00:30:10.519
big blade.

f3952c36-6fee-4563-8d8f-5c9aaeda86d2-0
00:30:11.520 --> 00:30:13.320
So they look like this under the
microscope.

569593c0-d318-49a3-8bd7-e05c96aa3c23-0
00:30:14.000 --> 00:30:17.497
So in this graph here,
basically he went out and he took water

569593c0-d318-49a3-8bd7-e05c96aa3c23-1
00:30:17.497 --> 00:30:19.440
samples from these different sites.

31d6a5af-296c-4130-b0c2-c24e0f142ed1-0
00:30:19.760 --> 00:30:23.435
So he had his turf dominated sites in
this sort of peachy color,

31d6a5af-296c-4130-b0c2-c24e0f142ed1-1
00:30:23.435 --> 00:30:25.640
and then the kelp forest sites in blue.

0389f174-a2a6-4739-9952-9ca9d7f98ca3-0
00:30:25.800 --> 00:30:29.844
And he's looking at the change in
survival of these microscopic kelps if we

0389f174-a2a6-4739-9952-9ca9d7f98ca3-1
00:30:29.844 --> 00:30:31.760
grow them in water from these sites.

9128b373-1e6e-4a89-8c7a-623061770f6f-0
00:30:32.360 --> 00:30:35.560
And so you see in water from the turf
sites, they're all dying.

ef925bfa-12a5-4318-9eb6-70d0d79e7909-0
00:30:35.920 --> 00:30:39.680
A negative change in survival means real
bad, we're dying.

7802abd8-83f0-4a82-a537-43d6ca0c19e7-0
00:30:40.520 --> 00:30:44.040
And so he went on further to say, OK,
well, what is in the water?

c9ae21ed-195b-4274-8899-8e31e4bae6fe-0
00:30:44.280 --> 00:30:45.200
Where's it coming from?

26e4def6-b0bb-414b-bda1-f5e6d34dad32-0
00:30:45.640 --> 00:30:51.018
And so he did extracts from different
species of red fluffy algae to show that

26e4def6-b0bb-414b-bda1-f5e6d34dad32-1
00:30:51.018 --> 00:30:55.240
all of them have extracts that are
decreasing their survival.

af10f9f2-a7d1-4201-b71b-2247711a71c1-0
00:30:55.240 --> 00:30:56.480
So it's not one species.

0c2c04b7-4bac-4269-ac40-d8d6981485bf-0
00:30:56.480 --> 00:30:59.280
It's like a collective situation
happening here.

0f5f15d9-fb14-4d8a-9737-77a9e4537ef3-0
00:30:59.760 --> 00:31:03.920
And then this one is actually trying to
not exactly.

7f0cf52a-813f-49a6-910a-08263606327a-0
00:31:03.960 --> 00:31:06.511
He didn't go as far as to identify the
compounds,

7f0cf52a-813f-49a6-910a-08263606327a-1
00:31:06.511 --> 00:31:08.960
but he is trying to identify the group of
them.

e5c98e5e-4d75-4ecf-9ec4-5cd4ebda265b-0
00:31:08.960 --> 00:31:13.360
So these are non polar compounds that he
took from these algae to see.

a0c116f2-b117-4b33-b6da-4a76b20b81f8-0
00:31:13.360 --> 00:31:14.680
OK, what about those?

5e96dd30-d860-4e28-9732-45d1d943a7ab-0
00:31:14.920 --> 00:31:19.007
And you can see it's not quite as clear,
but in most cases it has a pretty

5e96dd30-d860-4e28-9732-45d1d943a7ab-1
00:31:19.007 --> 00:31:19.880
negative impact.

19587736-1a97-4822-90e4-38db173b3ba3-0
00:31:20.400 --> 00:31:23.880
And so this is our for this is 2025,
we're only in 2026 now.

34bbb83f-ae80-4c7b-aa0a-b7ced227c8cc-0
00:31:24.160 --> 00:31:28.840
This is our first evidence that there is
chemical competition happening between

34bbb83f-ae80-4c7b-aa0a-b7ced227c8cc-1
00:31:28.840 --> 00:31:33.463
turfs and kelps that's actually keeping
kelps out of these communities as they

34bbb83f-ae80-4c7b-aa0a-b7ced227c8cc-2
00:31:33.463 --> 00:31:35.160
begin to transition to turfs.

f6cff574-3dfe-46d3-a7e2-86e6ab676525-0
00:31:35.680 --> 00:31:37.200
So this is not great news.

4e10ebd1-2741-465d-97b6-a2a4b15a07cb-0
00:31:40.840 --> 00:31:43.120
All right, switch gears for one SEC.

4d531cc6-840f-423c-abad-43002f512e93-0
00:31:43.120 --> 00:31:45.360
So that's why I kind of put the outline
there.

1b1ad6ad-e603-47c3-8aff-b72c172e97f2-0
00:31:45.640 --> 00:31:48.960
We're kind of going off on a side journey
now to talk about the rock weeds because

1b1ad6ad-e603-47c3-8aff-b72c172e97f2-1
00:31:48.960 --> 00:31:50.280
we don't want to leave those out.

88882e63-bc97-4530-b86b-e4f76f0da01d-0
00:31:51.320 --> 00:31:54.000
Rock weeds are intertidal algae.

099a882b-1988-44e4-9ba3-9b8e04a575e9-0
00:31:54.200 --> 00:31:59.720
So intertidal means that when the tide is
low, they are exposed to the air.

9f8104aa-d76e-4af8-a71b-e6c6e0de9ba0-0
00:31:59.920 --> 00:32:02.720
When the tide is high,
they're generally floating in the water.

7c338c86-85fc-4953-84f6-d04432fc8127-0
00:32:02.920 --> 00:32:06.480
All right, so here in these pictures,
you can see they are floating.

1fade25c-3c36-48af-9348-a3d99f53abca-0
00:32:06.760 --> 00:32:11.110
These are typically if you go to a beach
where there's like rocks anywhere on the

1fade25c-3c36-48af-9348-a3d99f53abca-1
00:32:11.110 --> 00:32:14.240
beach and they're covered in sort of
greenish brown algae.

dcb02612-851e-457e-8348-4ab71a4e2b98-0
00:32:14.520 --> 00:32:15.720
Those are your rock weeds.

5e01e9bc-7ee1-43f7-ad88-53116c5133b6-0
00:32:16.000 --> 00:32:19.162
All right,
these are Arctic species that also go

5e01e9bc-7ee1-43f7-ad88-53116c5133b6-1
00:32:19.162 --> 00:32:20.840
down into temperate areas.

0deedafa-4671-46d1-9ae2-295f4a546e2c-0
00:32:20.840 --> 00:32:23.718
So on our case,
they're going from the poles on our coast,

0deedafa-4671-46d1-9ae2-295f4a546e2c-1
00:32:23.718 --> 00:32:26.840
rather they're going from the poles down
to about Mid-Atlantic.

3dc2d529-41d6-4815-9e34-938a6dfa6abf-0
00:32:27.240 --> 00:32:29.678
And it encompasses a bunch of species
Fuchus,

3dc2d529-41d6-4815-9e34-938a6dfa6abf-1
00:32:29.678 --> 00:32:31.640
which is sort of this green one here.

c42d63e8-e39c-4b34-9eb5-3a51456f80bd-0
00:32:31.640 --> 00:32:33.400
They're a bunch of species of Fuchus.

e250ff16-6c74-49f5-9f3f-3d2b600a5850-0
00:32:33.840 --> 00:32:34.920
It's complicated.

917dbfb9-0e22-41d9-bf4f-39e3a44bc3a1-0
00:32:34.920 --> 00:32:35.920
I couldn't tell you how many.

70870ef5-1f3e-4e94-aa4b-afbce8f54939-0
00:32:35.920 --> 00:32:37.800
I don't think anybody really knows right
now.

dab8cf91-27ca-44ce-a0b9-2619c0a9f888-0
00:32:38.520 --> 00:32:42.175
And then we have Askophyllum,
which is a beloved seaweed here in the

dab8cf91-27ca-44ce-a0b9-2619c0a9f888-1
00:32:42.175 --> 00:32:46.360
Northeast because it's the only seaweed
we have that's native to the Atlantic.

8e78856d-d605-46f8-9291-384b80bfe760-0
00:32:46.520 --> 00:32:48.040
It does not occur in the Pacific.

f503a837-d035-426c-9429-c7fa4194e1b5-0
00:32:48.040 --> 00:32:50.960
So it's endemic and it's well known.

cf6d7038-c387-438f-9d00-ad6c88e1dc1a-0
00:32:50.960 --> 00:32:54.520
So the cool thing about both of these is
they live for a really long time.

e13a0e78-e949-4911-aad4-f24892233ef0-0
00:32:54.800 --> 00:32:55.760
Anybody know how long?

7e5e61a4-c68c-46df-8426-66618e360edc-0
00:32:57.320 --> 00:32:57.960
Pop quiz?

b1a92448-d7fe-474b-a456-dd982dee9d59-0
00:32:58.840 --> 00:33:00.720
How many of you have taken marine botany
before?

2932e051-1a2a-4fef-9425-cc68f16157f4-0
00:33:02.240 --> 00:33:06.920
About 15 to 20 years for each frond,
which is a very long time for a seaweed.

9727b0a4-00f2-4c7a-8009-fb4fdb30bf40-0
00:33:07.360 --> 00:33:11.005
But some of the bases which we refer to
as the holdfast where they grab onto the

9727b0a4-00f2-4c7a-8009-fb4fdb30bf40-1
00:33:11.005 --> 00:33:12.850
rock,
some of those have been dated back

9727b0a4-00f2-4c7a-8009-fb4fdb30bf40-2
00:33:12.850 --> 00:33:15.280
hundreds of years and like new fronds
have grown out.

8326c5ad-05af-40b8-8b7f-9005126e2925-0
00:33:15.680 --> 00:33:19.909
So very impressive For most seaweeds are
sort of yearly things or a couple year

8326c5ad-05af-40b8-8b7f-9005126e2925-1
00:33:19.909 --> 00:33:20.280
things.

1b047f92-bd41-4d1a-a852-b484309b748a-0
00:33:20.280 --> 00:33:22.240
So these are very long lived for the
seaweeds.

4eab450b-23c5-48a3-944e-dc0008c7ea8a-0
00:33:23.720 --> 00:33:26.640
They are also ecologically and
economically important.

2beefad2-aca7-4f4f-a3bf-29b5dd9b5c3b-0
00:33:26.640 --> 00:33:29.440
So they're considered foundation species
in the intertidal.

647a1531-7d30-4a90-ad1d-a20ee5a5ce6b-0
00:33:29.840 --> 00:33:32.000
So kelps are fully subtitled.

c4e3aa0a-f862-49ce-bca7-4bdffa3e248a-0
00:33:32.000 --> 00:33:34.393
Sometimes you see them in the really low
intertidal,

c4e3aa0a-f862-49ce-bca7-4bdffa3e248a-1
00:33:34.393 --> 00:33:36.200
but kelp forests happen in the subtitle.

c71c0d12-99e4-487f-a9fe-b12253e19eb3-0
00:33:36.200 --> 00:33:37.680
They're not being exposed to air.

41e0417d-5d34-48c1-bc29-a071706688a5-0
00:33:38.280 --> 00:33:40.868
They're sort of the counterpart of kelp
forest,

41e0417d-5d34-48c1-bc29-a071706688a5-1
00:33:40.868 --> 00:33:44.320
but in the intertitle they're providing
A3 dimensional habitat.

43c00169-f698-4e96-87e6-db1313f4aa05-0
00:33:44.960 --> 00:33:48.960
They're a nursery ground for many
different organisms and we love them.

03703b68-10b5-46a7-be73-a969af3f092c-0
00:33:50.240 --> 00:33:53.240
They're also commercially harvested,
so you may or may not know this.

1e61b391-b8be-4b75-839d-67461ef0729f-0
00:33:53.240 --> 00:33:56.760
If you're a home gardener,
you probably do because lots of the

1e61b391-b8be-4b75-839d-67461ef0729f-1
00:33:56.760 --> 00:34:00.447
commercial harvest goes towards
fertilizers, organic fertilizers,

1e61b391-b8be-4b75-839d-67461ef0729f-2
00:34:00.447 --> 00:34:03.800
either liquid form or things that you add
into your garden.

670eadb6-285a-4afc-b1ca-b21af18a65f1-0
00:34:04.200 --> 00:34:07.760
And they often say kelp on them,
but that's a lie.

38cffb4a-fa65-4790-bd43-9bf8b0e524a2-0
00:34:07.760 --> 00:34:09.120
It's actually Askapella.

e8840202-259c-446b-bf13-98628157011d-0
00:34:10.280 --> 00:34:13.443
So yes,
in the in the industry people refer to

e8840202-259c-446b-bf13-98628157011d-1
00:34:13.443 --> 00:34:17.212
Askafella as kelp,
but that's a industry term and not a

e8840202-259c-446b-bf13-98628157011d-2
00:34:17.212 --> 00:34:20.040
grounded and psychology term, so to speak.

f971abb3-b7eb-4f9e-9a07-03ed7b27294e-0
00:34:20.880 --> 00:34:22.640
And so I couldn't find a more recent one.

e4f554eb-9b0e-4bb1-9e8a-83d1d48003f3-0
00:34:22.640 --> 00:34:26.360
For some reason the data has been pulled
down from the main website.

ec3115cb-9fff-4180-806a-ae4fa9e7ff4b-0
00:34:26.360 --> 00:34:29.920
But this shows you in Maine where this is
big business.

88e04438-7b53-42a4-96d6-8f03354cb3bf-0
00:34:29.920 --> 00:34:32.760
Also, of course,
it's in the Canadian province as well.

dd6a968a-430a-41fd-bf43-c7bb9bf89f76-0
00:34:33.880 --> 00:34:36.840
In 2010 or 11,
I think it's the last one here.

94cbb274-ef81-459f-9278-280eba490eaa-0
00:34:37.120 --> 00:34:40.420
Take about 14,000,
000 lbs of this seaweed that's harvested

94cbb274-ef81-459f-9278-280eba490eaa-1
00:34:40.420 --> 00:34:42.400
and they don't RIP it off the rocks.

ff65cdc2-7a37-4342-b873-340d85c672e9-0
00:34:42.400 --> 00:34:47.680
They actually have special cuts that they
have special cutter machines maybe.

1ca43982-ba9d-42bd-8fb2-896460e908f5-0
00:34:47.800 --> 00:34:49.360
I'm sure it has a name that's not that.

027bca92-72da-4529-b76a-aba409574af1-0
00:34:50.200 --> 00:34:54.040
That cut it about 10 centimeters off the
base so that it can regenerate.

c963bff3-501c-4d9d-a70b-ddd6e000540f-0
00:34:54.440 --> 00:35:00.067
So they have some sort of sustainable
methods or sustainable ish methods of

c963bff3-501c-4d9d-a70b-ddd6e000540f-1
00:35:00.067 --> 00:35:01.400
harvesting leaves.

9244115c-3aaf-4604-a3f2-608555e4d6b4-0
00:35:04.800 --> 00:35:07.840
Turns out rock weeds are also on the
decline, right?

7eacff09-cb6f-4262-be82-978e63d5e1d7-0
00:35:07.840 --> 00:35:12.619
So this table table has a lot of
information and actually none of it is

7eacff09-cb6f-4262-be82-978e63d5e1d7-1
00:35:12.619 --> 00:35:18.194
from our coast, which is fine, but it is,
I put it up here to show you that in many

7eacff09-cb6f-4262-be82-978e63d5e1d7-2
00:35:18.194 --> 00:35:23.504
places in the world where people are
studying rock weeds, which is a big group,

7eacff09-cb6f-4262-be82-978e63d5e1d7-3
00:35:23.504 --> 00:35:26.160
we're seeing declines in the rock weeds.

59cc5e99-ff88-453c-8bef-ca69132261fd-0
00:35:26.320 --> 00:35:29.089
And it's not just one thing that's
leading to the decline,

59cc5e99-ff88-453c-8bef-ca69132261fd-1
00:35:29.089 --> 00:35:32.563
but there are lots of different things in
different places that have been

59cc5e99-ff88-453c-8bef-ca69132261fd-2
00:35:32.563 --> 00:35:33.080
identified.

f21936b7-1b9a-4c31-b0fa-a5fae29bbddd-0
00:35:33.840 --> 00:35:36.680
There have been models that have come out.

f03856c5-3c3d-4891-8cf4-45703a945178-0
00:35:37.320 --> 00:35:43.035
Alexander Judabox in Norway is well known
for putting out these models,

f03856c5-3c3d-4891-8cf4-45703a945178-1
00:35:43.035 --> 00:35:47.480
showing this is a model basically where
you see a gain.

08897f6f-bb6c-46d9-9984-74ff9d0d8b4d-0
00:35:47.480 --> 00:35:49.440
These are different climate change
scenarios.

4f57901a-1e96-4551-b514-5bb0aac1b0fe-0
00:35:49.480 --> 00:35:54.455
B1 is the most,
B1 is the best case scenario of these,

4f57901a-1e96-4551-b514-5bb0aac1b0fe-1
00:35:54.455 --> 00:35:57.440
A2 being the worst case scenario.

aeb240aa-2796-4606-ae9e-043b8e311379-0
00:35:57.800 --> 00:36:01.176
You see the loss in habitat would be in
yellow,

aeb240aa-2796-4606-ae9e-043b8e311379-1
00:36:01.176 --> 00:36:06.733
gain is green and then blue is remaining
for three species on the the European

aeb240aa-2796-4606-ae9e-043b8e311379-2
00:36:06.733 --> 00:36:10.040
coast of the Atlantic,
the Northeast Atlantic.

0da66b2a-47cf-4e2a-a64f-65a8c3a25e1a-0
00:36:10.680 --> 00:36:13.412
And for all three of these rockweed
species,

0da66b2a-47cf-4e2a-a64f-65a8c3a25e1a-1
00:36:13.412 --> 00:36:18.392
they're predicting significant declines
even at the sort of best case scenario in

0da66b2a-47cf-4e2a-a64f-65a8c3a25e1a-2
00:36:18.392 --> 00:36:22.400
terms of these climate change predictions
that they have modeled.

de6b348a-c00a-44c6-ab40-414a2dc1c8a8-0
00:36:22.920 --> 00:36:25.083
Now,
I've just introduced climate change to

de6b348a-c00a-44c6-ab40-414a2dc1c8a8-1
00:36:25.083 --> 00:36:25.280
you.

616bf7b1-7d78-4f95-a6ce-b3c1101abf3a-0
00:36:25.280 --> 00:36:29.625
So you should start to think, oh,
something's going on here with the

616bf7b1-7d78-4f95-a6ce-b3c1101abf3a-1
00:36:29.625 --> 00:36:33.720
climate that might be having an impact on
these different areas.

431173f1-123f-4727-81a2-c9b85d302635-0
00:36:33.720 --> 00:36:38.858
It's temperature, it turns out,
is one of the big factors that we think

431173f1-123f-4727-81a2-c9b85d302635-1
00:36:38.858 --> 00:36:40.000
is driving this.

797cc360-9e16-4a32-b8c5-ddbe900e9795-0
00:36:40.440 --> 00:36:42.360
But it's not the only thing, right?

56091529-247c-41eb-957d-e4d7e2bdbc9c-0
00:36:42.360 --> 00:36:45.960
There are lots of complicated things
happening in these communities.

28821432-a393-4aad-8564-057607b1853f-0
00:36:47.320 --> 00:36:50.639
This is Sarah Leiby,
who was a previous undergrad student in

28821432-a393-4aad-8564-057607b1853f-1
00:36:50.639 --> 00:36:53.360
my lab,
and I'm putting this up here to show you.

87f92dca-6978-405a-9805-da3e3ca7c960-0
00:36:53.360 --> 00:36:59.120
This is fucus that's been exposed to
nonutrients or exposed to nutrients.

30ddcc99-41f5-461f-a6e1-6ad37ea9229f-0
00:36:59.360 --> 00:36:59.600
All right.

ab80ba20-641a-48f4-8827-9e9436672437-0
00:36:59.600 --> 00:37:03.537
Most people think if you add nutrients,
add fertilizer to seaweeds or plants,

ab80ba20-641a-48f4-8827-9e9436672437-1
00:37:03.537 --> 00:37:04.800
like that's a good thing.

6a4b409c-5d64-46f1-be52-1be4d6aebed6-0
00:37:05.280 --> 00:37:09.925
It turns out these rock weeds are really,
really sensitive to nutrients because

6a4b409c-5d64-46f1-be52-1be4d6aebed6-1
00:37:09.925 --> 00:37:12.480
they have this Long live kind of
lifestyle.

32ddb7d7-da85-4c71-bafa-be3120fb1e82-0
00:37:12.760 --> 00:37:17.360
They respond very negatively to any
influx of excess nutrients.

55906a8b-b965-48d7-9cca-59ab7ede14f5-0
00:37:17.720 --> 00:37:21.579
And people are putting lots of excess
nutrients in our coastal environments,

55906a8b-b965-48d7-9cca-59ab7ede14f5-1
00:37:21.579 --> 00:37:21.880
right?

d3aef21d-8b52-43c2-96b6-ad30ae799bd7-0
00:37:21.880 --> 00:37:27.167
About 2/3 of all of our coastal estuaries
are considered nutrient polluted by

d3aef21d-8b52-43c2-96b6-ad30ae799bd7-1
00:37:27.167 --> 00:37:28.320
humans in the US.

b5224f99-2759-4123-95fa-81dcf35960a9-0
00:37:29.560 --> 00:37:33.800
So that's one thing that is undoubtedly
happening with the rock weeds for sure.

4c41dedb-a279-433b-bf73-6ab669445d0f-0
00:37:34.040 --> 00:37:36.280
But then we add temperature into it as
well.

7fcc3d21-7f4e-4d5f-8d5c-04688f06c286-0
00:37:38.160 --> 00:37:42.300
So now that I've introduced you into
these to these habitats,

7fcc3d21-7f4e-4d5f-8d5c-04688f06c286-1
00:37:42.300 --> 00:37:47.777
I want to kind of show you a little bit
about the work that I have conducted with

7fcc3d21-7f4e-4d5f-8d5c-04688f06c286-2
00:37:47.777 --> 00:37:52.920
a bunch of my colleagues over the past
five or six years and also highlight.

b8e8848f-0741-4425-9d27-35635a0a62b6-0
00:37:52.920 --> 00:37:57.510
So I was part of this resilient fisheries
workshop in 2016 where one of the fishers,

b8e8848f-0741-4425-9d27-35635a0a62b6-1
00:37:57.510 --> 00:38:00.480
people that work on the water have a lot
of knowledge.

dcc52918-d95a-49f5-8d6f-bf68f0bc97df-0
00:38:00.680 --> 00:38:01.480
They have a lot of knowledge.

ac383397-d0ce-4c37-b076-54dc61ccd105-0
00:38:01.480 --> 00:38:05.467
It might not be quantitative knowledge,
it might be because they actually keep

ac383397-d0ce-4c37-b076-54dc61ccd105-1
00:38:05.467 --> 00:38:08.445
really good records,
but they have a lot to teach us about

ac383397-d0ce-4c37-b076-54dc61ccd105-2
00:38:08.445 --> 00:38:12.079
what's been happening and where because
they know it better than we do.

43f17aa1-2537-4bc4-818a-ba224fd9ea73-0
00:38:12.840 --> 00:38:15.628
And so I wanted to highlight that with
this quote,

43f17aa1-2537-4bc4-818a-ba224fd9ea73-1
00:38:15.628 --> 00:38:19.018
which is from a Fisher at that workshop
who said we had kelp,

43f17aa1-2537-4bc4-818a-ba224fd9ea73-2
00:38:19.018 --> 00:38:20.440
like you couldn't imagine.

211a78d2-e46b-425d-9ead-5e391abe662e-0
00:38:20.680 --> 00:38:24.303
We had rock weed that went from the
Providence River all the way down to the

211a78d2-e46b-425d-9ead-5e391abe662e-1
00:38:24.303 --> 00:38:25.480
southern part of the Bay.

4393e3f4-a730-4c85-b38e-05f9bd814a0d-0
00:38:25.760 --> 00:38:27.760
It's all gone, right?

28a32543-8b31-4c35-bddb-d526490d51db-0
00:38:27.760 --> 00:38:30.480
So they know that these things are
changing.

d4e2ea27-98a0-4706-9d1d-2954934e0869-0
00:38:32.760 --> 00:38:36.240
So this is a project that I did in
Narragansett Bay.

2b973066-3269-49da-a127-bba86ffbdbca-0
00:38:36.640 --> 00:38:40.174
If you're not familiar with the tiny
little state of Rhode Island,

2b973066-3269-49da-a127-bba86ffbdbca-1
00:38:40.174 --> 00:38:42.760
this is kind of just showing you the
ocean area.

681f96cf-1748-43a4-8b6a-da2774dfe437-0
00:38:42.760 --> 00:38:45.360
But up here at the north is where
Providence is.

016643e1-939c-48e1-b4cb-999521321c8c-0
00:38:45.360 --> 00:38:48.714
If you've been to Providence, you or I,
if you have been there,

016643e1-939c-48e1-b4cb-999521321c8c-1
00:38:48.714 --> 00:38:49.920
it's kind of down here.

4516e744-0175-4e26-ba26-913414920d1d-0
00:38:50.120 --> 00:38:51.680
This is the island of Aquidnic.

95c38542-0ca4-4396-b1fa-a0d0342fe66a-0
00:38:51.680 --> 00:38:53.800
So at the Newport is down here.

ea90c292-b6b5-4d2f-85f4-a6da5d9942d9-0
00:38:53.800 --> 00:38:57.872
If you visit Newport down here would be a
Little Compton, Tiverton, Fall River,

ea90c292-b6b5-4d2f-85f4-a6da5d9942d9-1
00:38:57.872 --> 00:38:58.840
so on and so forth.

47c822df-9578-49c7-8073-fb11364becdf-0
00:38:59.800 --> 00:39:03.710
So this is I had,
I showed you a graph by Colette Feehan

47c822df-9578-49c7-8073-fb11364becdf-1
00:39:03.710 --> 00:39:08.787
earlier on where she went out and looked
at kelp at 2 sites that had been

47c822df-9578-49c7-8073-fb11364becdf-2
00:39:08.787 --> 00:39:10.160
previously surveyed.

50c48b8c-44a6-45b9-83db-32ec29b7429a-0
00:39:10.360 --> 00:39:13.595
So we decided, oh, OK,
we're going to go look at it at a bunch

50c48b8c-44a6-45b9-83db-32ec29b7429a-1
00:39:13.595 --> 00:39:14.160
more sites.

b287adaa-25d0-40dc-a63e-7e8bb78fc0d9-0
00:39:14.160 --> 00:39:19.475
So we chose 12 sites where kelp had been
previously surveyed and 12 sites where

b287adaa-25d0-40dc-a63e-7e8bb78fc0d9-1
00:39:19.475 --> 00:39:22.000
rockweed had been previously surveyed.

7363664e-80f2-4742-a96d-0ce9e4875b64-0
00:39:22.320 --> 00:39:27.026
And we decided that we're going to go out
and quantitatively assess changes in

7363664e-80f2-4742-a96d-0ce9e4875b64-1
00:39:27.026 --> 00:39:27.920
those habitats.

7286f428-86c0-4837-b707-202c99e3cf01-0
00:39:29.520 --> 00:39:34.903
The the interesting thing about this is
we worked with an engineer at the EPA,

7286f428-86c0-4837-b707-202c99e3cf01-1
00:39:34.903 --> 00:39:40.082
Giancarlo Cicchetti, who built this,
we call it an underwater ski that I'll

7286f428-86c0-4837-b707-202c99e3cf01-2
00:39:40.082 --> 00:39:44.240
show you in a minute that a scuba diver
basically pushes it.

fdf345b2-b5ac-441f-a546-e1fe82e0f5e8-0
00:39:44.440 --> 00:39:49.606
So the goal here is we were going down
there and doing traditional ecological

fdf345b2-b5ac-441f-a546-e1fe82e0f5e8-1
00:39:49.606 --> 00:39:52.720
methods like quadrat sampling and all of
that.

7a3e24b2-ad0b-4df6-a055-59beee65e705-0
00:39:52.720 --> 00:39:57.673
That's pretty standard in ecology,
takes a long time and people can't live

7a3e24b2-ad0b-4df6-a055-59beee65e705-1
00:39:57.673 --> 00:39:58.400
underwater.

1a66eb0a-239d-473d-a5a9-d53f044afdc7-0
00:39:58.400 --> 00:40:00.920
So you're limited in the amount of time
you can scuba dive.

80d88416-a780-4044-b5c4-14de8ddd0ca7-0
00:40:01.240 --> 00:40:07.154
So in about an hour you could do maybe
like 4 quadrats or you could run a huge

80d88416-a780-4044-b5c4-14de8ddd0ca7-1
00:40:07.154 --> 00:40:12.920
transect on this video camera system on
the ski and look at a huge distance.

6ae5f088-ee7b-45a4-b0de-94755496256b-0
00:40:13.120 --> 00:40:16.802
And so we kind of were doing,
we're trying to develop a low cost method

6ae5f088-ee7b-45a4-b0de-94755496256b-1
00:40:16.802 --> 00:40:19.360
to survey much bigger swaths of the
marine realm.

8d15a533-42ec-4151-8192-25a6490a802a-0
00:40:21.120 --> 00:40:23.040
So these are some pictures.

5dfec408-c9c8-4027-b852-8f3ec4723ae0-0
00:40:23.040 --> 00:40:25.040
This is what the ski actually looks like.

9596f810-0bc8-4fcf-a848-5e312d58b747-0
00:40:25.480 --> 00:40:28.648
Gabby Patoni,
who was an undergraduate researcher who

9596f810-0bc8-4fcf-a848-5e312d58b747-1
00:40:28.648 --> 00:40:31.757
did all of the scuba diving on this
project with me,

9596f810-0bc8-4fcf-a848-5e312d58b747-2
00:40:31.757 --> 00:40:36.040
went on to do her masters in Florida on
Cub Forest or not on Cub Forest,

9596f810-0bc8-4fcf-a848-5e312d58b747-3
00:40:36.040 --> 00:40:36.920
on coral reefs.

f7fcfd5c-0130-4740-800d-57ede0cd0204-0
00:40:37.400 --> 00:40:38.840
She's pictured here.

3b57ea42-aa94-4190-929f-ee7089b79542-0
00:40:38.840 --> 00:40:40.800
This is sort of what it looks like in
real life.

5cd562a0-58f2-4192-926e-2ce79ef78a87-0
00:40:41.200 --> 00:40:45.560
So I will show you a 3D schematic of it
that's a little prettier in a second.

25676d7c-829e-4c42-8ef1-84a38cc2c1d2-0
00:40:46.280 --> 00:40:49.970
But the premise here is that we have two
go pros, one at the top,

25676d7c-829e-4c42-8ef1-84a38cc2c1d2-1
00:40:49.970 --> 00:40:51.480
which we call the fish Cam.

a9b68018-1a37-4220-925d-9565e24c5ca8-0
00:40:51.800 --> 00:40:54.907
And this is what it looks like to look at
the fish Cam,

a9b68018-1a37-4220-925d-9565e24c5ca8-1
00:40:54.907 --> 00:40:56.960
one that's going on the benthic area.

56020c1d-1db5-42a1-b444-5c226064053d-0
00:40:56.960 --> 00:40:58.480
So this is called the seaweed Cam.

aad3496e-046f-4535-9dc7-1cd2498a2d04-0
00:40:58.880 --> 00:41:03.329
And this collaboration was basically
between me, Niels Vigo Hobbs,

aad3496e-046f-4535-9dc7-1cd2498a2d04-1
00:41:03.329 --> 00:41:07.711
who's an invertebrate expert,
and Dave Taylor and Roger Williams,

aad3496e-046f-4535-9dc7-1cd2498a2d04-2
00:41:07.711 --> 00:41:09.040
who's a fish expert.

f9fd4625-4d68-4d94-9ba7-402dc33fef3e-0
00:41:09.320 --> 00:41:12.200
And the three of us were sort of like, OK,
I'm going to do the seaweed,

f9fd4625-4d68-4d94-9ba7-402dc33fef3e-1
00:41:12.200 --> 00:41:13.520
you do the inverts, you did fish.

381069a7-c3c5-4733-8ec4-37cf325ed350-0
00:41:13.800 --> 00:41:16.440
Let's look at how these are comparing to
one another, right?

f65b378a-48eb-4000-8527-7ce9315685c1-0
00:41:16.840 --> 00:41:20.800
So Niels Gabby and I did most of the
diving for the project.

02094c8f-0330-4f75-a2ff-d69ca0672ad9-0
00:41:21.800 --> 00:41:24.200
We would run a transect, which,
if you're not familiar,

02094c8f-0330-4f75-a2ff-d69ca0672ad9-1
00:41:24.200 --> 00:41:25.400
it's a giant measuring tape.

d899feb9-43f3-4de0-86b3-d5afdd520122-0
00:41:26.440 --> 00:41:29.760
And we would basically run this ski over
the transect.

80d68cf7-886c-4fb6-84b2-a48f356d8443-0
00:41:29.960 --> 00:41:33.228
And you can see these little red dot or
these little green dots rather,

80d68cf7-886c-4fb6-84b2-a48f356d8443-1
00:41:33.228 --> 00:41:34.000
which are lasers.

d1dff467-6532-434f-8130-c39f222d8ca3-0
00:41:34.560 --> 00:41:37.025
So the lasers,
there's lights here to help light,

d1dff467-6532-434f-8130-c39f222d8ca3-1
00:41:37.025 --> 00:41:40.280
but the lasers are mounted a known
distance away from each other.

540bb2f5-f13f-4087-9c28-3365ecb2b810-0
00:41:40.560 --> 00:41:45.065
So that's how we can basically calibrate
the frame because these are very dynamic

540bb2f5-f13f-4087-9c28-3365ecb2b810-1
00:41:45.065 --> 00:41:45.560
habitats.

0d075374-b326-4c45-8cae-0f4b3b9ffa6f-0
00:41:45.560 --> 00:41:46.920
They're rocky habitats.

3ec32722-a427-40ce-81cf-37b8cc7791a6-0
00:41:47.160 --> 00:41:49.969
So we're moving up, we're moving down,
the waves are moving us around,

3ec32722-a427-40ce-81cf-37b8cc7791a6-1
00:41:49.969 --> 00:41:50.880
and so on and so forth.

61b62884-064b-4c7f-af79-c2eb185c157b-0
00:41:50.880 --> 00:41:52.960
So the frame of reference changes as you
move.

64ce0104-a802-4145-a3f9-ffe1b0afb1ba-0
00:41:54.000 --> 00:41:56.760
Here's the pretty 3D version of the ski.

d4440d87-f3ab-456d-8a28-e69cf932b003-0
00:41:57.640 --> 00:42:01.360
So the scuba diver is basically pushing
it from the back.

aa1965b2-a563-4fb9-8cad-b970ac305c1b-0
00:42:01.880 --> 00:42:04.120
And so we have these Cam cameras here.

88c71811-37d7-4a4c-85b7-e3d402f111db-0
00:42:04.680 --> 00:42:06.770
We,
we did eventually put a like a diving

88c71811-37d7-4a4c-85b7-e3d402f111db-1
00:42:06.770 --> 00:42:09.458
float on it,
which is a bag that you blow up with the

88c71811-37d7-4a4c-85b7-e3d402f111db-2
00:42:09.458 --> 00:42:13.540
air from your tank just to kind of get it
neutrally buoyant because we don't want

88c71811-37d7-4a4c-85b7-e3d402f111db-3
00:42:13.540 --> 00:42:17.622
it digging into the sediment and kicking
up a bunch of stuff when we're trying to

88c71811-37d7-4a4c-85b7-e3d402f111db-4
00:42:17.622 --> 00:42:18.120
videotape.

2c938255-2488-47f7-bcaf-d99e41bbc248-0
00:42:19.680 --> 00:42:22.840
And so we did a whole lot of diving over
the period of a couple of years.

4d95aed7-3aa9-4d03-86df-64baf3969161-0
00:42:23.160 --> 00:42:25.360
This gives you an idea of what it looked
like.

2e656f2a-f24c-4285-8583-641b6ac67e63-0
00:42:26.560 --> 00:42:29.600
I think it's going to go in a second,
I hope.

b53a092b-9b55-468c-9007-a1520c64dc94-0
00:42:30.800 --> 00:42:37.520
Oh wow, now hold on there it goes.

915f1ed2-b07f-4fbd-813b-5ce4680fb49d-0
00:42:38.120 --> 00:42:39.160
So this gives you an idea.

2c893f5e-cdd0-4eba-8df2-ca8779d3ca27-0
00:42:39.160 --> 00:42:41.160
This is not a like clean.

66d5a75b-3f8b-4a58-bba8-6d81e69990ca-0
00:42:41.560 --> 00:42:45.280
I don't know why it's mad at me right now,
but hopefully it'll come back on.

2b426e91-59cc-49c5-b0b3-011ec8f1ee41-0
00:42:45.800 --> 00:42:49.902
So it's not a clean,
sort of like easy thing to interpret,

2b426e91-59cc-49c5-b0b3-011ec8f1ee41-1
00:42:49.902 --> 00:42:50.320
right?

2dbe1a6f-c781-4716-935a-c6469d4afa61-0
00:42:50.680 --> 00:42:54.146
So when we have all these video files
that come back to the lab,

2dbe1a6f-c781-4716-935a-c6469d4afa61-1
00:42:54.146 --> 00:42:58.040
what we end up doing with them is taking
screenshots at known intervals.

171a11ea-3719-43fd-bc2f-c0e1f4a774ff-0
00:42:58.280 --> 00:43:02.731
And if you are a person who's an expert
in certain groups of seaweeds or inverts

171a11ea-3719-43fd-bc2f-c0e1f4a774ff-1
00:43:02.731 --> 00:43:05.480
or whatever,
you can identify things pretty well.

f375a9cf-eb8b-4cb5-a35b-c578f507e2bd-0
00:43:05.680 --> 00:43:09.746
Some of the fluffy Reds, not so much,
but you can kind of group those together

f375a9cf-eb8b-4cb5-a35b-c578f507e2bd-1
00:43:09.746 --> 00:43:12.680
if you have to in turf across these
different transects.

a3387a13-a636-4707-ab27-78e53bcbbe88-0
00:43:13.000 --> 00:43:15.855
And so, I mean,
this is something that takes a lot of

a3387a13-a636-4707-ab27-78e53bcbbe88-1
00:43:15.855 --> 00:43:16.120
time.

d5c47bf1-4a88-4101-b1ed-62f36c0d2983-0
00:43:16.400 --> 00:43:18.840
Maybe AI someday will be able to help us
with this.

43899a0f-adc6-4f45-b42a-9a9f84fd0e16-0
00:43:18.840 --> 00:43:25.195
But if you've ever googled any sort of
algae pictures, the IDs are like, no,

43899a0f-adc6-4f45-b42a-9a9f84fd0e16-1
00:43:25.195 --> 00:43:30.560
so you cannot trust any of that yet,
but we can, we can pretend.

768f98b1-591a-4d4a-84e6-163478e185b2-0
00:43:30.560 --> 00:43:31.760
Maybe that'll be on the horizon.

58f86355-8621-4036-a855-3c94607814de-0
00:43:32.400 --> 00:43:34.542
OK,
so I'm just going to focus on the data

58f86355-8621-4036-a855-3c94607814de-1
00:43:34.542 --> 00:43:37.781
from these habitat formers,
though we did actually ID all of the

58f86355-8621-4036-a855-3c94607814de-2
00:43:37.781 --> 00:43:41.320
algae of these communities and all of the
adverts and all of the fish.

f74b2f19-2714-4ec5-8403-6db2e4513877-0
00:43:41.960 --> 00:43:47.358
And So what I'm showing you here is the
map of Narragansett Bay with just the

f74b2f19-2714-4ec5-8403-6db2e4513877-1
00:43:47.358 --> 00:43:48.120
kelp sites.

e0f26a56-430d-43d5-808a-8f24637f54e9-0
00:43:48.360 --> 00:43:52.055
So you'll probably notice kelp is mostly
restricted to the southern part of the

e0f26a56-430d-43d5-808a-8f24637f54e9-1
00:43:52.055 --> 00:43:52.240
Bay.

35fae188-bd2f-4080-894f-2406aed1285a-0
00:43:52.520 --> 00:43:56.640
That's because it's an estuary,
so it's too warm, too shallow, too sandy.

d3f2bebc-fc1e-4962-8a39-b9c793921c3a-0
00:43:56.640 --> 00:44:01.160
As you get more north for the kelps,
this is data from the 1970s.

78c2273f-8df2-47e1-9e52-fa93ab1acd1b-0
00:44:01.440 --> 00:44:05.200
And what we've done here is we have to be
able to compare our data to theirs.

94ca7524-fe49-4b64-a77e-d11aa10c51fa-0
00:44:05.560 --> 00:44:10.839
And so their data was put into these bins
where they're sort of lumping, you know,

94ca7524-fe49-4b64-a77e-d11aa10c51fa-1
00:44:10.839 --> 00:44:14.211
zero is 0,
but you have one to 1011 to 50 or greater

94ca7524-fe49-4b64-a77e-d11aa10c51fa-2
00:44:14.211 --> 00:44:14.720
than 50.

2fe447d2-3914-4076-baea-4d7bad421489-0
00:44:14.720 --> 00:44:17.160
So we're comparing our data to theirs
basically.

1ec17f77-27d6-4814-bb0b-165e022259c4-0
00:44:17.920 --> 00:44:20.480
And the darker the circle,
the more kelp there is.

db27d8f5-f66f-492c-8836-47b132aad267-0
00:44:20.480 --> 00:44:20.920
Oops, sorry.

10c83a90-66ba-41f0-a53e-30f6868feb98-0
00:44:22.160 --> 00:44:25.814
So in the 1970s,
nineteen 80s at these sites,

10c83a90-66ba-41f0-a53e-30f6868feb98-1
00:44:25.814 --> 00:44:30.580
largely lots of kelp,
some low kelp at some places in 2019,

10c83a90-66ba-41f0-a53e-30f6868feb98-2
00:44:30.580 --> 00:44:33.520
not a lot of kelp, not a lot of kelp.

5a1b9dd8-4af5-40ef-a6ba-42348491abba-0
00:44:33.520 --> 00:44:39.520
So we saw a decline at every single site
in southern Rhode Island over that time.

ce726d0a-2ce8-4ec9-8503-c503b276a89c-0
00:44:39.960 --> 00:44:42.295
Now,
if temperature is one of these driving

ce726d0a-2ce8-4ec9-8503-c503b276a89c-1
00:44:42.295 --> 00:44:44.949
factors,
we would expect that these seaweeds that

ce726d0a-2ce8-4ec9-8503-c503b276a89c-2
00:44:44.949 --> 00:44:48.240
are at their southern range are going to
be most heavily hit.

d8959112-cf13-45f9-8e70-ce2f46573568-0
00:44:48.720 --> 00:44:52.120
And so this seems consistent with that
hypothesis.

b8cc637e-55e7-443b-9449-43060b173fa4-0
00:44:52.520 --> 00:44:55.251
We did do further analysis to correlate
it to A,

b8cc637e-55e7-443b-9449-43060b173fa4-1
00:44:55.251 --> 00:44:59.600
to look at what environmental factors
might be correlated with these changes.

3ec8f03a-7af3-4b19-992e-b718baa85736-0
00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:02.400
And temperature was strongly correlated.

ce74b9f7-eca0-4f06-8b84-83150b1a31ed-0
00:45:02.400 --> 00:45:07.183
So increased temperature has a negative
impact on kelp abundance as well as

ce74b9f7-eca0-4f06-8b84-83150b1a31ed-1
00:45:07.183 --> 00:45:10.960
precipitation, which is a,
is a complex thing in the ocean.

5e449dcf-165e-4844-a76a-e1da3aa8f192-0
00:45:10.960 --> 00:45:12.720
So think about rain.

750a49d0-5778-4c99-857b-f6ccf10bd464-0
00:45:13.040 --> 00:45:17.446
Rain doesn't seem that interesting,
but if you're an oceanic creature,

750a49d0-5778-4c99-857b-f6ccf10bd464-1
00:45:17.446 --> 00:45:22.040
it's changing the salinity and it also
provides a big pulse of nutrients.

2348704e-a75a-4c6e-b0d4-8647bed9f496-0
00:45:22.360 --> 00:45:26.725
So it's kind of a complex factor we have
to delve in a little more too,

2348704e-a75a-4c6e-b0d4-8647bed9f496-1
00:45:26.725 --> 00:45:30.120
But so by and large,
things aren't going well for kelp.

35d2257c-8f9a-4685-8fad-d3dca0fdc92a-0
00:45:30.520 --> 00:45:34.353
The rock weeds, though,
have something really interesting going

35d2257c-8f9a-4685-8fad-d3dca0fdc92a-1
00:45:34.353 --> 00:45:37.048
on,
and this is an area where lots of people

35d2257c-8f9a-4685-8fad-d3dca0fdc92a-2
00:45:37.048 --> 00:45:41.181
are starting to kind of accelerate
research on this concept of local

35d2257c-8f9a-4685-8fad-d3dca0fdc92a-3
00:45:41.181 --> 00:45:41.840
adaptation.

d3bb616d-959d-42f7-902c-56954e6700e0-0
00:45:42.320 --> 00:45:45.050
The rock weeds, as you can see,
are more distributed throughout

d3bb616d-959d-42f7-902c-56954e6700e0-1
00:45:45.050 --> 00:45:48.250
Narragansett Bay because they're
intertidal and they're pretty tolerant of

d3bb616d-959d-42f7-902c-56954e6700e0-2
00:45:48.250 --> 00:45:48.720
conditions.

083cba98-aab5-44c9-9160-514be914ad7d-0
00:45:49.480 --> 00:45:54.853
But you can see in some places like here,
we saw a decline in rock weeds and here

083cba98-aab5-44c9-9160-514be914ad7d-1
00:45:54.853 --> 00:46:00.096
at Fogland, but in some places, sorry,
I don't know if this is playing or what,

083cba98-aab5-44c9-9160-514be914ad7d-2
00:46:00.096 --> 00:46:04.748
at the lower part of the Bay,
there's actually been pretty significant

083cba98-aab5-44c9-9160-514be914ad7d-3
00:46:04.748 --> 00:46:07.960
increases in the amount of rock weed that
sites.

3902c602-bad5-4e2f-8f74-f656024b55f1-0
00:46:08.200 --> 00:46:12.381
And up here at Slater,
which is a park up in the Providence

3902c602-bad5-4e2f-8f74-f656024b55f1-1
00:46:12.381 --> 00:46:12.800
River.

c78317c0-80ed-49ef-a20e-a6ab30fcc5ee-0
00:46:13.320 --> 00:46:16.920
And so there's something more complicated
happening here.

3df86cf7-d41f-4ce8-9586-3e7c7fa9dd98-0
00:46:17.360 --> 00:46:21.600
It's not simply a question of changing
temperature in nutrients.

f95e4735-f99a-44e0-8a28-7e93409f6107-0
00:46:21.840 --> 00:46:26.405
There's also been changes in the
infrastructure around these areas,

f95e4735-f99a-44e0-8a28-7e93409f6107-1
00:46:26.405 --> 00:46:31.240
like for example, they dredge sometimes,
they don't dredge other times.

a76c33b4-46e1-4ebb-80a9-c9add865d717-0
00:46:31.440 --> 00:46:34.120
So there's some complicated history with
that.

87ae1948-aae1-40e8-962a-df45215031a6-0
00:46:34.520 --> 00:46:38.152
But in addition to that,
there's a growing amount of evidence

87ae1948-aae1-40e8-962a-df45215031a6-1
00:46:38.152 --> 00:46:42.956
that's showing that certain populations
are more tolerant of things like nutrient

87ae1948-aae1-40e8-962a-df45215031a6-2
00:46:42.956 --> 00:46:44.480
pollution and temperature.

b4e09ba1-468d-4c16-ae22-7c72a799000b-0
00:46:44.720 --> 00:46:48.385
So this is something we refer to as local
adaptation,

b4e09ba1-468d-4c16-ae22-7c72a799000b-1
00:46:48.385 --> 00:46:54.018
that some of these populations have maybe
adapted over time to be able to live and

b4e09ba1-468d-4c16-ae22-7c72a799000b-2
00:46:54.018 --> 00:46:57.480
thrive in these changing environmental
conditions.

8e73da86-9834-42cf-b64e-ece23f570f27-0
00:46:57.840 --> 00:47:01.519
So we're really interested to continue
diving into this,

8e73da86-9834-42cf-b64e-ece23f570f27-1
00:47:01.519 --> 00:47:04.812
which is a combination of genetics and
Physiology,

8e73da86-9834-42cf-b64e-ece23f570f27-2
00:47:04.812 --> 00:47:09.847
so linking genetic differences with the
difference in behavior in response to

8e73da86-9834-42cf-b64e-ece23f570f27-3
00:47:09.847 --> 00:47:14.560
different variables in both the rock
weeds and the kelps moving forward.

7d3b8922-0191-47ff-a4a9-80e28963cdea-0
00:47:16.400 --> 00:47:21.271
So just to sort of summarize what I have
kind of presented to you today and then

7d3b8922-0191-47ff-a4a9-80e28963cdea-1
00:47:21.271 --> 00:47:24.760
talk a little bit about where we might be
moving forward.

2a34a190-90f5-44e4-af4f-868fd2e58384-0
00:47:25.640 --> 00:47:28.520
Kelps have been declining especially well.

5e1b79a6-6550-44f3-b73f-38143d36b5e3-0
00:47:28.840 --> 00:47:33.012
Both of these communities have been
declining in their southern range,

5e1b79a6-6550-44f3-b73f-38143d36b5e3-1
00:47:33.012 --> 00:47:36.480
but kelps have been especially hit hard
in the rock weeds.

3e61f524-7ef4-43ff-8af3-b3b916fca884-0
00:47:36.480 --> 00:47:39.600
Fuchius seems to be less impacted than
Askaphilum.

a3535ad1-029d-443e-99a7-5cd472aab363-0
00:47:39.600 --> 00:47:42.756
Interestingly,
we found that both temperature and

a3535ad1-029d-443e-99a7-5cd472aab363-1
00:47:42.756 --> 00:47:47.680
precipitation negatively correlated with
the abundance of both rock weeds and

a3535ad1-029d-443e-99a7-5cd472aab363-2
00:47:47.680 --> 00:47:48.880
kelps in our study.

5793eeae-fc62-42ef-9921-29ae86e6ec2e-0
00:47:49.320 --> 00:47:54.256
And we we are likely to continue to see
this sort of slow March towards the poles,

5793eeae-fc62-42ef-9921-29ae86e6ec2e-1
00:47:54.256 --> 00:47:56.160
which is not unique to seaweeds.

339ce965-de03-4015-a765-7c3f135c23e6-0
00:47:56.160 --> 00:47:57.920
Lots of creatures are doing this right.

5c3d6bba-1d49-48c9-bb1b-4a2ad7cad51b-0
00:47:57.920 --> 00:48:02.993
They're kind of moving to cooler habitats
as the southern part of their range

5c3d6bba-1d49-48c9-bb1b-4a2ad7cad51b-1
00:48:02.993 --> 00:48:04.360
becomes inhospitable.

e09b9310-eb4a-4350-87fb-c49511a7db7c-0
00:48:05.520 --> 00:48:09.040
Local adaptation is a very active area of
research.

d02bb3db-814c-4085-8e85-d5496a3e83cb-0
00:48:09.040 --> 00:48:12.330
It was sort of dismissed for a very long
time in the marine realm,

d02bb3db-814c-4085-8e85-d5496a3e83cb-1
00:48:12.330 --> 00:48:16.258
but there's been lots more evidence that
have gathered recently in the Seaweeds

d02bb3db-814c-4085-8e85-d5496a3e83cb-2
00:48:16.258 --> 00:48:19.990
and seagrass workout on the West Coast
showing that this is is definitely a

d02bb3db-814c-4085-8e85-d5496a3e83cb-3
00:48:19.990 --> 00:48:21.120
thing that's happening.

e1a4754c-61cd-497d-beab-802ceaca871c-0
00:48:22.400 --> 00:48:26.725
And so moving forward,
we're beginning to start to think more in

e1a4754c-61cd-497d-beab-802ceaca871c-1
00:48:26.725 --> 00:48:29.320
terms of restoration of these habitats.

ab9f963a-4fab-426f-87f0-d7b03fcc0a22-0
00:48:29.720 --> 00:48:33.880
So there is obviously a need to
understand what's driving their decline.

b93a47ca-da4f-41b9-841c-2f3a43eeb5f8-0
00:48:34.200 --> 00:48:38.004
So if for the kelps, for example,
we know temperature, turf algae,

b93a47ca-da4f-41b9-841c-2f3a43eeb5f8-1
00:48:38.004 --> 00:48:41.979
chemical competition and we have
something going on with the urchins,

b93a47ca-da4f-41b9-841c-2f3a43eeb5f8-2
00:48:41.979 --> 00:48:42.320
right?

16388291-4756-4a96-ae9a-5d2e37418975-0
00:48:42.320 --> 00:48:47.344
So there's lots of multifaceted stressors
that are acting on these communities that

16388291-4756-4a96-ae9a-5d2e37418975-1
00:48:47.344 --> 00:48:48.840
need to be accounted for.

70c8a25f-a2c7-4d04-b623-4a387b0db8f5-0
00:48:48.920 --> 00:48:52.489
We need a better understanding of local
adaptation,

70c8a25f-a2c7-4d04-b623-4a387b0db8f5-1
00:48:52.489 --> 00:48:54.960
but restoration efforts are ongoing.

02098912-ccbc-4174-ba9e-3102b5a6d2dd-0
00:48:54.960 --> 00:48:59.060
So there's been a lot of money put into
restoration of giant kelps and bull kelps

02098912-ccbc-4174-ba9e-3102b5a6d2dd-1
00:48:59.060 --> 00:48:59.960
on the West Coast.

e8ba63ff-7216-4f2b-bf21-7f09ff85acd9-0
00:49:00.120 --> 00:49:05.081
Certainly in other parts of the world,
in Europe, in Australia and New Zealand,

e8ba63ff-7216-4f2b-bf21-7f09ff85acd9-1
00:49:05.081 --> 00:49:09.608
they've been working on kelp forest
restoration and soon to be coming to

e8ba63ff-7216-4f2b-bf21-7f09ff85acd9-2
00:49:09.608 --> 00:49:13.018
Massachusetts,
there is a biodiversity initiative that

e8ba63ff-7216-4f2b-bf21-7f09ff85acd9-3
00:49:13.018 --> 00:49:17.421
has a marine habitat restoration prong
and Cat Cove will be the marine

e8ba63ff-7216-4f2b-bf21-7f09ff85acd9-4
00:49:17.421 --> 00:49:18.600
restoration center.

3eecef6e-1bfe-4d71-af75-42cd37bdf952-0
00:49:18.920 --> 00:49:23.462
So we we as in me and hopefully some
students from Salem State going to be

3eecef6e-1bfe-4d71-af75-42cd37bdf952-1
00:49:23.462 --> 00:49:27.824
building a Calp hatchery there,
a demonstration project for restoration

3eecef6e-1bfe-4d71-af75-42cd37bdf952-2
00:49:27.824 --> 00:49:29.520
purposes coming this spring.

c9fc3fa5-e988-4a2c-8aeb-e255a9bcc220-0
00:49:30.360 --> 00:49:37.000
And so really exciting things happening
in terms of moving into that space.

9c2c5745-446e-4ff8-b62c-0190553353dc-0
00:49:37.000 --> 00:49:39.120
This is a picture of what's called green
gravel.

434d6220-c3e5-4adf-8ddc-baa93d55bace-0
00:49:39.120 --> 00:49:43.882
So this is aquacultured kelp where they
actually grow it in the lab attached to

434d6220-c3e5-4adf-8ddc-baa93d55bace-1
00:49:43.882 --> 00:49:44.240
rocks.

fd128b6e-fb61-44fe-8038-5f3ee6cfcad7-0
00:49:44.480 --> 00:49:49.307
And then you plant it out into in the
wild by basically throwing rocks off of a

fd128b6e-fb61-44fe-8038-5f3ee6cfcad7-1
00:49:49.307 --> 00:49:51.480
boat, which is like very satisfying.

94cc0766-4663-4cb5-9797-6284730affaf-0
00:49:51.480 --> 00:49:53.960
It's very fun to be a marine biologist
sometimes.

18554603-0ef8-429f-bb07-cad660b7d390-0
00:49:54.320 --> 00:49:56.336
However,
it's not usually involving a boat,

18554603-0ef8-429f-bb07-cad660b7d390-1
00:49:56.336 --> 00:49:56.840
to be fair.

16f7fd27-a1c9-48f7-8267-bfd74ccdcafa-0
00:49:58.640 --> 00:50:01.840
So key takeaways,
seaweeds are critically important.

52e1ebc9-d5d3-4067-87af-779b50c79f5c-0
00:50:01.840 --> 00:50:04.360
They are ecologically and economically
important.

ee01771f-70fd-41bd-8ed4-e5375c3136fe-0
00:50:05.080 --> 00:50:10.399
They are being impacted by multiple
stressors throughout the globe and we are

ee01771f-70fd-41bd-8ed4-e5375c3136fe-1
00:50:10.399 --> 00:50:14.560
seeing a continued decline and slow March
towards the poles.

e9e35f7a-b8d9-4fc5-ad42-e8309a837c61-0
00:50:14.560 --> 00:50:19.715
So you should all support efforts to
protect and and restore our biodiversity,

e9e35f7a-b8d9-4fc5-ad42-e8309a837c61-1
00:50:19.715 --> 00:50:24.935
slow climate change, which is a big one,
and reduce your your own impact on the

e9e35f7a-b8d9-4fc5-ad42-e8309a837c61-2
00:50:24.935 --> 00:50:29.960
ocean like plastics and don't fertilize
your lawn before it's going to rain.

04737092-d16b-4563-92f0-659dff8a834c-0
00:50:29.960 --> 00:50:30.880
So on and so forth.

80d3b492-f3a7-4d0b-99f5-8fbdf6a79986-0
00:50:32.360 --> 00:50:35.106
With that,
I'm going to show you a brief list of my

80d3b492-f3a7-4d0b-99f5-8fbdf6a79986-1
00:50:35.106 --> 00:50:36.480
funders and collaborators.

27dfba17-4569-4fea-967c-a4e81ec7f2a7-0
00:50:37.280 --> 00:50:39.600
I've had a lot of very inspired students
over the year.

46ee7ccc-b007-4dd4-8ca4-375caac8f4d9-0
00:50:39.600 --> 00:50:40.720
I didn't do that to her.

8a029c63-586b-4ae3-8a07-a84628d5fe13-0
00:50:40.720 --> 00:50:44.057
This is one of my students, Ivy,
who made a wig out of OLVO,

8a029c63-586b-4ae3-8a07-a84628d5fe13-1
00:50:44.057 --> 00:50:47.560
which is a great analogy during an
assessment that we're doing.

b1e3643a-5335-4bd7-b1c0-c435b920e3e8-0
00:50:48.160 --> 00:50:52.847
And then a little collage of the up,
up and coming psychologists that I've had

b1e3643a-5335-4bd7-b1c0-c435b920e3e8-1
00:50:52.847 --> 00:50:55.280
the pleasure of mentoring over the years.

30b91464-5ee1-4851-be63-b584b0437838-0
00:50:55.560 --> 00:50:56.840
Happy to take any questions.

165702c6-a5f8-404f-9f65-8451fa7e3a7d-0
00:51:07.680 --> 00:51:14.551
The question I have is about the chemical
signal between the introduced and the

165702c6-a5f8-404f-9f65-8451fa7e3a7d-1
00:51:14.551 --> 00:51:15.840
native species.

a5620258-5f89-4d58-aa62-be2e081fd3a1-0
00:51:15.840 --> 00:51:20.241
Is there any discussion or evidence for
the chemical signaling to also involve

a5620258-5f89-4d58-aa62-be2e081fd3a1-1
00:51:20.241 --> 00:51:24.642
equipment to invertebrates that are known
to use some of these environments as

a5620258-5f89-4d58-aa62-be2e081fd3a1-2
00:51:24.642 --> 00:51:25.200
nurseries?

2c136a17-cd61-48ae-8d19-7ffa5b725854-0
00:51:26.520 --> 00:51:27.400
Yeah, it's a good question.

d776d95c-1c2d-4669-b921-22cc6eb65e2f-0
00:51:27.400 --> 00:51:34.169
So I don't know of any because this is
the first work we have coming out with

d776d95c-1c2d-4669-b921-22cc6eb65e2f-1
00:51:34.169 --> 00:51:37.120
the turf algae with invertebrates.

ca6313f8-2807-4ddb-96a2-4cada1e52e3f-0
00:51:37.120 --> 00:51:41.317
But we certainly know that like some
algae and inverts are picking up on

ca6313f8-2807-4ddb-96a2-4cada1e52e3f-1
00:51:41.317 --> 00:51:42.640
signals for settlement.

28008de1-c8a0-444b-8983-ddd8a31d3445-0
00:51:42.640 --> 00:51:44.440
So oysters are really well known for that.

ded09e42-db04-46dc-aa04-068181113d43-0
00:51:44.960 --> 00:51:48.632
Coraline algae,
which is like a crusty form of algae,

ded09e42-db04-46dc-aa04-068181113d43-1
00:51:48.632 --> 00:51:52.440
actually is a positive signal for
recruitment for kelp.

30756c5b-ad38-4126-a3fb-faae4bbaa1a7-0
00:51:52.960 --> 00:51:55.040
So there's definitely more out there that
we don't know.

b6ad021c-f271-4102-8e9e-061d85ca5f4f-0
00:51:55.040 --> 00:51:59.024
But I haven't seen anything specific
about turfs and invertebrates other than

b6ad021c-f271-4102-8e9e-061d85ca5f4f-1
00:51:59.024 --> 00:52:01.680
Jen Dykstra's works showing that they
support more.

7c4ca5ca-5848-45de-98b7-1977e79e0e60-0
00:52:02.240 --> 00:52:05.320
Yeah, but she,
I don't think she identified the inverts.

b7243c67-2e2a-4a5e-a02f-9f4086d5213a-0
00:52:06.400 --> 00:52:06.640
Yeah.

339a1ba6-f3c3-4d1e-b914-ac46ecb5f3eb-0
00:52:07.280 --> 00:52:13.624
So if you have a situation where there's
turf and also kelp and urchins get in

339a1ba6-f3c3-4d1e-b914-ac46ecb5f3eb-1
00:52:13.624 --> 00:52:17.398
there,
is there a preference of what they will

339a1ba6-f3c3-4d1e-b914-ac46ecb5f3eb-2
00:52:17.398 --> 00:52:17.799
need?

8bb5486a-7b44-43de-9906-e2943ebba0ba-0
00:52:18.800 --> 00:52:20.560
Yeah, So great question.

ca8cbe61-2330-439f-800f-d55c6a34b573-0
00:52:20.880 --> 00:52:22.480
Urchins always prefer kelp.

e0d0b938-691e-4089-927d-c998dbc0d663-0
00:52:23.400 --> 00:52:24.920
Yeah, Yeah.

aed72fce-af69-4ac8-accb-74868a23b29f-0
00:52:24.920 --> 00:52:28.676
And the urchins are especially
destructive in on the West Coast with the

aed72fce-af69-4ac8-accb-74868a23b29f-1
00:52:28.676 --> 00:52:32.278
giant kelp because they actually chew the,
what we call it the stipe,

aed72fce-af69-4ac8-accb-74868a23b29f-2
00:52:32.278 --> 00:52:34.080
but it sort of equates to the stem.

9cd8b42f-54ac-4d65-a70e-0c52a5819ec2-0
00:52:34.080 --> 00:52:37.914
They actually chew the stem off and let
the whole thing fall down to the floor,

9cd8b42f-54ac-4d65-a70e-0c52a5819ec2-1
00:52:37.914 --> 00:52:40.120
and then they kind of mow it down from
there.

ad8c2fa0-2ae5-45c2-81ee-b1ed3e691b81-0
00:52:40.120 --> 00:52:40.320
Yeah.

4fd91996-38f4-4ef4-9a42-bdc2713d1b02-0
00:52:40.320 --> 00:52:45.640
They like to have a nice lawn of food
versus A3 dimensional thing.

9f763464-f970-4971-a94d-53f312eb35a1-0
00:52:45.640 --> 00:52:46.920
They're not crawling up the kelp.

6ead86a7-dca5-407e-8b89-6476e5758d34-0
00:52:47.080 --> 00:52:48.840
They want it to be a little like lawn.

1bcddacd-d54a-40d4-9a4a-f2f5c7df0eca-0
00:52:49.000 --> 00:52:51.320
And they can also drag it into the little
Burrows and things.

004361c2-34cb-4026-8aaf-3d474a6bebab-0
00:52:51.320 --> 00:52:52.680
But yeah, they always prefer kelp.

ef94a870-8b4b-4764-a12a-37d074b3cf7c-0
00:52:54.520 --> 00:52:54.720
Yeah.

6441e7c2-4c17-4dd8-bc9c-350ba1d1df0f-0
00:53:12.400 --> 00:53:12.800
Yes.

746bfed1-68b6-4256-bf87-8d4741d98021-0
00:53:12.800 --> 00:53:16.316
So yes, usually the question,
if you didn't hear it,

746bfed1-68b6-4256-bf87-8d4741d98021-1
00:53:16.316 --> 00:53:18.240
is about green and red algae.

510f61c3-bcd7-4d75-967f-8af94c7b0522-0
00:53:18.240 --> 00:53:19.840
Is there data on those groups?

e2cf7e42-6c3e-4417-b571-8b3aafb9e475-0
00:53:20.200 --> 00:53:23.520
You're after my own heart,
because I'm a little partial to the Reds.

2b8e8b7e-ea9f-4d3e-a4f5-a8bda5172e3f-0
00:53:23.520 --> 00:53:26.160
I know Doctor Papalizio is partial to the
Reds too, though.

b29a09fe-6a0b-4f40-b2fb-bec7a9d4ef69-0
00:53:26.160 --> 00:53:27.440
I love all algae.

81ee851e-45f7-4271-9fd2-60e14fd3c380-0
00:53:27.880 --> 00:53:32.795
Greens are more tropical typically,
and so we see them expanding globally in

81ee851e-45f7-4271-9fd2-60e14fd3c380-1
00:53:32.795 --> 00:53:37.520
a lot of ways because they're moving into
places they couldn't be before.

ee91e1d6-e049-430d-aa88-5a6554e280e6-0
00:53:37.960 --> 00:53:41.097
But I haven't seen anything coming out
from like the tropics on whether it's

ee91e1d6-e049-430d-aa88-5a6554e280e6-1
00:53:41.097 --> 00:53:42.360
getting too hot for them there.

0d3fcb09-f459-4bbe-968f-ff03bedc1300-0
00:53:43.040 --> 00:53:43.880
The Reds were.

78e8ec80-471c-4d6f-b638-7913eb49c980-0
00:53:43.880 --> 00:53:46.612
I mean,
we're seeing similar patterns with all

78e8ec80-471c-4d6f-b638-7913eb49c980-1
00:53:46.612 --> 00:53:48.880
types of seaweeds and marine creatures.

67963ef7-450f-4219-a96a-a66653ae37dd-0
00:53:48.880 --> 00:53:51.000
So it's sort of like,
what are you adapted to?

c262d581-e08e-4214-9326-5799448a4a02-0
00:53:51.160 --> 00:53:52.880
Are you adapted to a cold water life?

d4561a54-28f8-4092-9a2b-883a0a32140e-0
00:53:52.880 --> 00:53:55.480
Then you're basically doing this slow
March.

c01c3ce9-8f69-400b-8bf1-fdf263d0f33c-0
00:53:56.040 --> 00:54:00.524
Another example from like the animals,
if you're an animal person,

c01c3ce9-8f69-400b-8bf1-fdf263d0f33c-1
00:54:00.524 --> 00:54:02.800
I like them too, is the blue crab.

d386801c-1edf-4bb9-89d6-92bcfcacd349-0
00:54:02.920 --> 00:54:04.480
That's for our area.

a5d27f41-4109-4a0d-ae98-6a77a81b973d-0
00:54:04.480 --> 00:54:07.520
So the blue crab used to be like pretty
rare in Narragansett Bay.

7aa896d6-bffa-458f-9ab1-27da37f1d5fb-0
00:54:07.720 --> 00:54:09.800
Now there's tons of them and it's in the
Gulf of Maine.

8891b097-3d25-4e23-b5a5-b3915dcc83fa-0
00:54:09.800 --> 00:54:11.720
So and it's not an invasion.

5eefc2c7-6c45-4f24-97b3-6870b7f2a456-0
00:54:11.720 --> 00:54:12.760
It's not an invasive species.

d42de65a-d271-4270-be66-3f0f9d787547-0
00:54:12.920 --> 00:54:16.400
It's literally just moving northward
because the water is warming.

d0f2114c-747a-49fa-8834-f3393f062403-0
00:54:17.000 --> 00:54:18.400
So it's able to live there now.

f1afe93a-929e-4671-a907-eaf60e82c33a-0
00:54:19.040 --> 00:54:19.320
Yeah.

94e623a2-2d3a-4eb4-b931-a3a0562d9132-0
00:54:21.280 --> 00:54:21.600
Yeah.

927f6e84-3500-4ea9-b34a-a6117c3d60d0-0
00:54:21.600 --> 00:54:27.897
So you mentioned that there's like maybe
plans to do some population genetics so

927f6e84-3500-4ea9-b34a-a6117c3d60d0-1
00:54:27.897 --> 00:54:32.483
that you might not have,
we might not have these data yet,

927f6e84-3500-4ea9-b34a-a6117c3d60d0-2
00:54:32.483 --> 00:54:38.547
but I'm just curious if the rock weeds
like they're hybridizing and if that's

927f6e84-3500-4ea9-b34a-a6117c3d60d0-3
00:54:38.547 --> 00:54:40.880
increasing their adaptability.

7d4f41f0-9b8c-4fb8-ae96-1b68398f0686-0
00:54:42.560 --> 00:54:43.960
They do hybridize.

f679c76b-aaf7-4e7a-b500-8b1c1982df2f-0
00:54:44.440 --> 00:54:47.876
I don't know if that I,
I think there's still a lot of debate on

f679c76b-aaf7-4e7a-b500-8b1c1982df2f-1
00:54:47.876 --> 00:54:52.160
how many rock weeds we have because we
were like, we only have a couple of that.

11b2dd42-646c-4818-9743-c9b85388fced-0
00:54:52.160 --> 00:54:52.640
We have a lot.

e9e84a23-4793-4175-af1e-67ad95a28d2a-0
00:54:52.640 --> 00:54:53.720
Do we really have a lot?

bd375ea0-3b5b-4a0f-b61d-2463de97b5d9-0
00:54:53.720 --> 00:54:54.400
They hybridize?

3b1fd138-d06f-4290-a856-3ae494c2b05b-0
00:54:54.400 --> 00:54:55.840
Are there, how many species are there?

d919ff53-9add-4519-b0d5-347b88318b25-0
00:54:55.840 --> 00:54:59.480
So it definitely could have something to
do with that.

ff1f4542-a216-4c5c-bb0f-540ddd3b8985-0
00:54:59.760 --> 00:55:02.659
As a person who's not a molecular
biologist,

ff1f4542-a216-4c5c-bb0f-540ddd3b8985-1
00:55:02.659 --> 00:55:07.878
I invite you to collaborate and I'll do
the Physiology and you do the population

ff1f4542-a216-4c5c-bb0f-540ddd3b8985-2
00:55:07.878 --> 00:55:10.520
genetics and we'll, we'll have it happen.

2e302099-545c-4a17-bcfb-f65c652ee20e-0
00:55:10.520 --> 00:55:15.720
So Tracy,
what would you advise people about eating

2e302099-545c-4a17-bcfb-f65c652ee20e-1
00:55:15.720 --> 00:55:16.120
cod?

79c7666a-9f03-4ca5-b240-a4c09033de68-0
00:55:16.800 --> 00:55:20.207
Oh,
I would advise everybody who likes to eat

79c7666a-9f03-4ca5-b240-a4c09033de68-1
00:55:20.207 --> 00:55:20.800
seafood.

79453715-f43b-4262-9c80-95545b4f6bb7-0
00:55:20.800 --> 00:55:24.640
I eat seafood myself to make sustainable
seafood choices.

67311c8e-0e58-4106-a0c0-3c04900a88da-0
00:55:24.640 --> 00:55:28.641
And if you don't know what things are
sustainable, what things are not,

67311c8e-0e58-4106-a0c0-3c04900a88da-1
00:55:28.641 --> 00:55:32.586
the Monterey Bay Aquarium has an
excellent guide that's called Seafood

67311c8e-0e58-4106-a0c0-3c04900a88da-2
00:55:32.586 --> 00:55:32.920
Watch.

c6fd6c6f-1e34-4c65-8417-7b5c8b36e791-0
00:55:33.240 --> 00:55:37.282
It used to be like a little like card
that you folded up and carried around in

c6fd6c6f-1e34-4c65-8417-7b5c8b36e791-1
00:55:37.282 --> 00:55:38.920
your wallet that is color-coded.

189fdec4-4a3e-48db-94cf-67ae9c56a8ad-0
00:55:38.920 --> 00:55:43.720
So red is a void, yellow is like, it's OK,
Green is like, go for it.

0b83b595-8729-4940-8497-bcb6f607f503-0
00:55:44.440 --> 00:55:47.400
And obviously now it's all on an app and
digitized.

ec56c3cb-5d85-4780-ad8c-1afea0037c4b-0
00:55:47.400 --> 00:55:50.360
So they break it down by like,
where does it come from?

a2022eef-fd36-4446-9fb7-13828ac0d672-0
00:55:50.360 --> 00:55:51.480
How is it caught?

912acd25-a0f0-485d-8050-a0399b669fe5-0
00:55:51.720 --> 00:55:57.160
And so it's a really excellent evidence
based guide for that.

6fb2f080-476c-4e1d-b12b-c29f3a0b2f9a-0
00:55:57.160 --> 00:56:03.217
So recently the American lobster became
red listed on their guide because of

6fb2f080-476c-4e1d-b12b-c29f3a0b2f9a-1
00:56:03.217 --> 00:56:04.240
right whales.

9f62069a-bc8b-4624-9c49-f6f2b5b2cad0-0
00:56:05.840 --> 00:56:11.320
Yeah, but seaweed is great for you.

519bb3cb-d463-4827-b1db-4b4054e98b06-0
00:56:11.360 --> 00:56:12.800
It's delicious.

d3ff7817-4d2d-450e-a480-084551e89b76-0
00:56:13.720 --> 00:56:14.600
Shellfish.

9b71907d-3515-471d-838a-e466a6aa46ec-0
00:56:15.400 --> 00:56:15.680
Yeah.

cd855cfe-b835-4b24-9088-4d3c2da557de-0
00:56:16.200 --> 00:56:20.642
Is there a difference in like you talked
about the like turf,

cd855cfe-b835-4b24-9088-4d3c2da557de-1
00:56:20.642 --> 00:56:22.720
is it Coke or sea turf algae?

7da3d069-b105-4eb8-a36c-43d7e6336967-0
00:56:22.720 --> 00:56:23.600
Yeah, yeah, turf algae.

8825a453-a4b3-49b7-b8dd-8262c3bf1cad-0
00:56:24.040 --> 00:56:27.508
Is there a different difference in the
different animals that they like they

8825a453-a4b3-49b7-b8dd-8262c3bf1cad-1
00:56:27.508 --> 00:56:29.760
support and the help support or is there
overlap?

bc8067fb-577e-4c46-b1ad-a856ebd688f1-0
00:56:30.560 --> 00:56:31.840
Oh, that's a good question.

a430ba2b-f9ae-4a1e-b0f4-8e8261f8f367-0
00:56:31.840 --> 00:56:36.419
I I don't know the exact answer,
but I think there's going to be an

a430ba2b-f9ae-4a1e-b0f4-8e8261f8f367-1
00:56:36.419 --> 00:56:39.718
overlap,
but it looks like the Turf just support

a430ba2b-f9ae-4a1e-b0f4-8e8261f8f367-2
00:56:39.718 --> 00:56:43.220
more of them in terms of number,
but not different,

a430ba2b-f9ae-4a1e-b0f4-8e8261f8f367-3
00:56:43.220 --> 00:56:46.520
not more different species,
if that makes sense.

2fc92416-597b-4fd4-a941-b2ca7c32cf9c-0
00:56:46.880 --> 00:56:49.749
So the amount of species they support is
similar,

2fc92416-597b-4fd4-a941-b2ca7c32cf9c-1
00:56:49.749 --> 00:56:53.135
but the amount of individuals is much
greater in the Turf,

2fc92416-597b-4fd4-a941-b2ca7c32cf9c-2
00:56:53.135 --> 00:56:56.120
probably because they can find more
places to hide.

74a2c24b-fc46-4679-afec-59c235988a12-0
00:56:56.760 --> 00:56:57.040
Yeah.

c8af9b39-40aa-4e2c-b0ac-cd82d4d7e27c-0
00:56:57.040 --> 00:56:58.760
From at least from Jen Dykstra's work.

81e5bdd0-cb59-49ff-bf4e-2e56d8a77e36-0
00:56:59.320 --> 00:57:00.160
Yeah, it's a great question.

2ee1282b-4ead-4ca5-8642-70951367069f-0
00:57:01.720 --> 00:57:03.200
Hi, great talk.

b7561268-fbed-41df-bdcd-59b918a77cb9-0
00:57:03.640 --> 00:57:09.487
Maybe you already touched up on this,
but I was just wondering if the chemicals

b7561268-fbed-41df-bdcd-59b918a77cb9-1
00:57:09.487 --> 00:57:14.604
that the terminal gene release,
is that an evolutionary mechanism for

b7561268-fbed-41df-bdcd-59b918a77cb9-2
00:57:14.604 --> 00:57:20.525
competing with other kinds of things in
there or is that just something that the

b7561268-fbed-41df-bdcd-59b918a77cb9-3
00:57:20.525 --> 00:57:22.279
health happened to like?

d91411cf-d57e-43d4-8bae-44fe34d8af0b-0
00:57:25.560 --> 00:57:27.360
Yeah, it's a, it's an excellent question.

61810779-2cb9-4258-b5d5-ba8d0eab493c-0
00:57:27.360 --> 00:57:32.400
So the answer is likely that it's a what
we refer to as a secondary compound.

d467971d-3395-4f6a-a75d-1031b59a8f10-0
00:57:32.880 --> 00:57:36.569
So most primary producers,
because they can't defend themselves in

d467971d-3395-4f6a-a75d-1031b59a8f10-1
00:57:36.569 --> 00:57:40.975
any way other than sort of tasting bad or
smelling bad or not being digestible,

d467971d-3395-4f6a-a75d-1031b59a8f10-2
00:57:40.975 --> 00:57:44.720
they use these types of mechanisms to
keep things from eating them.

e7893ce8-51c9-45b7-a850-82c9052495d7-0
00:57:45.000 --> 00:57:48.640
And then they just have these other sort
of impacts as well.

df678288-f411-462a-9eda-8346b6dc298b-0
00:57:49.080 --> 00:57:53.070
So that's generally what we're thinking
that the purpose of them are,

df678288-f411-462a-9eda-8346b6dc298b-1
00:57:53.070 --> 00:57:56.320
but I think more research would have to
be done on that.

9bbe2070-69b5-4c3b-8bb3-f78ffb5c8a47-0
00:57:56.320 --> 00:58:00.544
But generally these are anti herbivory
compounds that just have the bonus of

9bbe2070-69b5-4c3b-8bb3-f78ffb5c8a47-1
00:58:00.544 --> 00:58:02.520
competing with other things as well.

af91a89f-ed06-4f0e-a1b0-c5174ef52772-0
00:58:03.680 --> 00:58:07.526
Yeah,
I have a question about mass supply of

af91a89f-ed06-4f0e-a1b0-c5174ef52772-1
00:58:07.526 --> 00:58:09.920
properties I've seen myself.

3cd32137-2dd3-497b-a42f-d3684d1b5c1d-0
00:58:10.040 --> 00:58:10.200
Yeah.

aed9fcd2-4936-4136-8a97-a743d45ef0c1-0
00:58:10.560 --> 00:58:14.586
Aside from having a long life and being
able to use for fertilizer,

aed9fcd2-4936-4136-8a97-a743d45ef0c1-1
00:58:14.586 --> 00:58:18.080
how else do they positively benefit the
ocean environment?

ff40acfd-bc2d-412b-b89f-a8683b717799-0
00:58:18.880 --> 00:58:19.040
Yeah.

34c6a4e9-bde2-4145-bb94-67a39c77d901-0
00:58:19.040 --> 00:58:22.880
So as from an ecosystem perspective,
they make the ecosystem.

7c60fe97-4929-4209-b779-780994885509-0
00:58:22.880 --> 00:58:25.400
So these can be like very long,
like tall as me.

2187e2a2-3b8d-4850-b1dd-dc76092ada85-0
00:58:25.960 --> 00:58:30.116
So when the water is covering them,
they are the three-dimensional habitat

2187e2a2-3b8d-4850-b1dd-dc76092ada85-1
00:58:30.116 --> 00:58:33.607
that serves as like a place for things to
hide from predators,

2187e2a2-3b8d-4850-b1dd-dc76092ada85-2
00:58:33.607 --> 00:58:37.320
but also a food source as a primary
producer base of the food web.

2635b439-fa28-4a72-b4ef-833cef330418-0
00:58:37.640 --> 00:58:41.000
So ecologically it we refer to those as
foundation species.

5bc0d5c8-6a6c-4ddd-b280-eee5c7453f52-0
00:58:41.000 --> 00:58:43.845
So they're creating the habitat,
providing habitat,

5bc0d5c8-6a6c-4ddd-b280-eee5c7453f52-1
00:58:43.845 --> 00:58:47.840
but also providing food for lots of
creatures that then build food webs.

5e1d4313-df80-4267-be28-7cc75b064196-0
00:58:51.360 --> 00:58:53.000
Yeah, we have time for one more question.

a78ec49d-4327-45e9-8e96-73d733e37dfc-0
00:58:53.400 --> 00:58:54.960
Oh, Jeremy, whatever you all say.

325dda25-1945-4532-867a-e1d104ea9376-0
00:58:59.480 --> 00:59:06.989
So instead of when the car were like over
efficient some instead of eating into the

325dda25-1945-4532-867a-e1d104ea9376-1
00:59:06.989 --> 00:59:11.280
sea ocean,
what would you say would be a better

325dda25-1945-4532-867a-e1d104ea9376-2
00:59:11.280 --> 00:59:15.840
solution to eating the tall pack that
like if you.

257d4b2c-ca6a-45d9-812b-d18b3659d897-0
00:59:17.040 --> 00:59:17.200
Yeah.

5d96df46-5373-45e4-b425-77ee19e48e78-0
00:59:17.240 --> 00:59:19.081
I mean,
I don't think that people harvested the

5d96df46-5373-45e4-b425-77ee19e48e78-1
00:59:19.081 --> 00:59:20.040
urchins to help the kelp.

9433bd7e-f3c1-4ab6-ae18-dc5bd59fbca6-0
00:59:20.040 --> 00:59:22.840
It was just a side effect of them
harvesting the urchins.

854a58ca-e8ee-4c2a-ade7-333c40fff11f-0
00:59:23.280 --> 00:59:28.665
But I would say the better thing to do
would have been to not take all of the

854a58ca-e8ee-4c2a-ade7-333c40fff11f-1
00:59:28.665 --> 00:59:29.080
right.

3acc7fc0-b8e1-48ba-b3f3-74d3084831c4-0
00:59:29.080 --> 00:59:31.000
But like, you know, hindsight is 2020.

eac47bc8-f719-4cbc-b9f3-927948081c47-0
00:59:31.000 --> 00:59:31.760
We know better now.

732bc2d2-5af3-479b-ab07-a34b0b19149a-0
00:59:31.760 --> 00:59:35.240
We have much better tools to sort of keep
things sustainable.

8a73960a-828f-4734-9a77-b434eca7bd7e-0
00:59:35.240 --> 00:59:39.613
But it's just sort of an unfortunate fact
that the COD have never been able to

8a73960a-828f-4734-9a77-b434eca7bd7e-1
00:59:39.613 --> 00:59:43.600
really recover to be, you know,
commercially viable again on our coast.

d5a9cc26-abb0-4b97-9121-6ac41ff6d7f5-0
00:59:43.760 --> 00:59:45.080
They are in other places of the world.

73fa25fe-b4d9-484b-8a4b-610add83b8ea-0
00:59:45.680 --> 00:59:46.040
Yeah.