WEBVTT

cea77173-a32e-49d7-8fed-270b7b189522-0
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OK, And so without further ado,
I am very excited and honored to

cea77173-a32e-49d7-8fed-270b7b189522-1
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introduce you all today to a colleague
and a dear friend of mine,

cea77173-a32e-49d7-8fed-270b7b189522-2
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Doctor Jess Stevens.

eec8355e-2242-49ae-8b04-fb7b915f9a20-0
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Doctor Stevens is an assistant professor
in the Department of Biology and the Co

eec8355e-2242-49ae-8b04-fb7b915f9a20-1
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coordinator of the Biology Education
Program at Westfield State University.

86ea7973-9ec4-4df6-9821-4b6080b537c0-0
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She completed her BS in Biology at Butler
University,

86ea7973-9ec4-4df6-9821-4b6080b537c0-1
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a Master of Science in Biology at Auburn
University,

86ea7973-9ec4-4df6-9821-4b6080b537c0-2
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and her PhD in Plant Biology from the
University of Georgia.

372818a9-1269-4cc6-8ea9-dd0177f76257-0
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After completing her doctoral degree,
she worked as a post doctoral researcher

372818a9-1269-4cc6-8ea9-dd0177f76257-1
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at the University of Pittsburgh and then
as a conservation scientist at the

372818a9-1269-4cc6-8ea9-dd0177f76257-2
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Atlanta Botanical Center,
Atlanta Botanical Gardens before starting

372818a9-1269-4cc6-8ea9-dd0177f76257-3
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her faculty career,
which is where we first interacted with

372818a9-1269-4cc6-8ea9-dd0177f76257-4
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one another years ago in Rhode Island.

63f982cb-876c-43da-a165-b1fbf0bd7433-0
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Dr.

7f0666a5-6609-41a9-944e-ff8725fe4fbc-0
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Stevens research focuses on the
evolutionary ecology of plant

7f0666a5-6609-41a9-944e-ff8725fe4fbc-1
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interactions,
especially in carnivorous plants.

928580fa-606d-4cb1-be79-026638094e9f-0
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She has published widely in peer reviewed
journals and currently mentors

928580fa-606d-4cb1-be79-026638094e9f-1
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undergraduate students conducting
research on projects that include the

928580fa-606d-4cb1-be79-026638094e9f-2
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influence of urbanization on plant
communities.

90edcc90-920d-4877-b13a-814f2ab39aa0-0
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In addition to her biology research,
Doctor Stevens is a dedicated educator

90edcc90-920d-4877-b13a-814f2ab39aa0-1
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who has published peer reviewed journal
articles on effective college teaching

90edcc90-920d-4877-b13a-814f2ab39aa0-2
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and works on grant funded projects to
advance STEM education.

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Please join me in welcoming Dr.

ab717485-ba44-4c6f-bfd0-e9c77efef229-0
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Stevens as she delivers her talk entitled
Revisiting Darwin's Insectivorous Plants,

ab717485-ba44-4c6f-bfd0-e9c77efef229-1
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Modern Insights into Carnivorous Plant
Evolution.

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Thank you.

e9d3f6dd-b027-4f0f-97c1-1e4e947eeaa6-0
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Can you hear me?

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Let's see, which one is it?

6f8f6fc1-0ed9-45c3-9738-70ae187593e8-0
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This one?

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Can you hear me?

08003c90-3ded-422e-8a2b-d959e02fc2e5-0
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It was working.

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It's not.

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Is it loud enough here?

e068a1f4-124f-46e6-8c6e-11d95cec2a07-0
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I'll just use the microphone, I guess.

e2c0fd90-de02-4572-8a20-aee9f5abe52d-0
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OK, hold on.

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All right.

99093568-8f70-4bdc-944d-691ea23149e2-0
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Can you hear me?

c58e23dd-ef9c-4ff6-ba83-5349c886cd9f-0
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I'll try to project my voice as loud as I
can.

aa0070f0-e180-44aa-a582-af227e366493-0
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So thank you all for coming today.

3c87c076-9e22-445a-8c85-07be896fe8fd-0
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And thank you for the invite.

04f1b733-8358-47f5-ac1a-c5b55d27bc17-0
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I'm really excited to be here at Salem
State and talk about one of my favorite

04f1b733-8358-47f5-ac1a-c5b55d27bc17-1
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things, which is carnivorous plants.

bdf4a28a-d0bd-4fb4-9934-98d58c8d3609-0
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So usually when I give this talk,
I focus more on my research.

f8bc2f19-359b-49ac-a0ea-263e1e572ccc-0
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But today I'm going to go more broadly
into Darwin because it's his birthday and

f8bc2f19-359b-49ac-a0ea-263e1e572ccc-1
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I kind of just want to poll you guys.

cd36be5a-9170-4352-8927-ee14fef55304-0
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What do you think of usually when you
hear the name Charles Darwin just yell

cd36be5a-9170-4352-8927-ee14fef55304-1
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out anything?

83a8d870-251e-4ee0-abe2-173a6bf4d6df-0
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What's the first thing that you think of
that people hear?

4c9c2867-b7c3-459f-a3e9-e12d33c87d77-0
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You know,
when they think of of Charles Darwin,

4c9c2867-b7c3-459f-a3e9-e12d33c87d77-1
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what is the first thing they think of?

775d31cb-110c-4ac5-b193-5a8b47e69522-0
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Evolution.

f35014a7-79ab-473c-8d25-8f19291f3d72-0
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Evolution, what else?

3e33f3aa-4b8a-4d5f-a097-8a3c76902595-0
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Galapagos, barnacles, What else?

009087e8-2ec5-4681-b269-8a555e0e0a03-0
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What was that?

0344e1e8-d31d-4ec7-a726-b0f02568dc6c-0
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Beaks.

ccf26076-e7be-4cba-9d2d-2a197fbff728-0
00:03:05.720 --> 00:03:06.680
Beaks, yes.

44ad86e6-f770-4b7d-89e3-41afcc7906c4-0
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Are Darwin finches, Right.

f72985d5-c4d7-4f39-ac44-ba1856dfdfaa-0
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So you might not know that Darwin was
also an avid botanist,

f72985d5-c4d7-4f39-ac44-ba1856dfdfaa-1
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so a lot of people think right away of
his obsession with animals and so forth.

fa0874a8-9ec0-4c8d-aa59-1961cffba266-0
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But he was a big botanist.

4de70c4e-d3cf-4e3a-ad1d-15133bc9106b-0
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He actually was really fond of things
like orchids.

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He wrote a whole book on orchids.

fc19a1b2-129b-4ee3-8626-0b72b5783924-0
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But he was also really fond of
carnivorous plants and at his time they

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called them insectivorous plants.

f5fb376a-b43b-44e6-a3c2-c978ca308be5-0
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So when he was on vacation in Sussex in
England,

f5fb376a-b43b-44e6-a3c2-c978ca308be5-1
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he actually walked across this species up
here, Drosa Drosara rhondafolia,

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which is a sundew.

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And he was mesmerized by this plant.

d9b1f8d4-b602-4101-afb0-0cb5dadfed80-0
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He saw a mat of them in a little low
lying area and they get their name Sundew

d9b1f8d4-b602-4101-afb0-0cb5dadfed80-1
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because they look like they have do on
the leaves and they kind of sparkle and

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glisten in the sun.

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And at the time,
many people wrote off the fact that they

abed5809-8fc3-41d7-ab3d-ad7ccf0194b6-1
00:03:56.791 --> 00:04:00.617
always got insects stuck to them as
something is just kind of, oh,

abed5809-8fc3-41d7-ab3d-ad7ccf0194b6-2
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that happens.

1f55ac10-471c-45e2-b12c-67ab2403142e-0
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There's not really any adaptation there.

c3fb11be-4561-40e5-a33b-5a58aba78a41-0
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But being Darwin, who he is, he was like,
there's no way that this is not an

c3fb11be-4561-40e5-a33b-5a58aba78a41-1
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adaptive trait.

10a4d58d-bb2c-4944-b00c-b9e1f15745b7-0
00:04:09.520 --> 00:04:12.983
There's these plants were covered in 70%
flies and he was like,

10a4d58d-bb2c-4944-b00c-b9e1f15745b7-1
00:04:12.983 --> 00:04:15.960
there's got to be something adaptive
about this trait.

01533931-9863-43e8-991c-18dc364e34dd-0
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And so he actually wrote ASA Gray,
who was one of the biggest and is one of

01533931-9863-43e8-991c-18dc364e34dd-1
00:04:21.066 --> 00:04:24.840
the biggest North American botanists that
from North America.

87b1f5b7-d57c-47f0-a108-41deb36e04ef-0
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And he was at Harvard at the time,
and he wrote him lots of letters about

87b1f5b7-d57c-47f0-a108-41deb36e04ef-1
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his obsession with these plants.

a36a0304-9fd5-4476-927b-6a16c5d09512-0
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And in fact,
this was a quote that he wrote in a

a36a0304-9fd5-4476-927b-6a16c5d09512-1
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letter to ASA Grey.

bc5ccd3e-ca2d-4ddf-8640-2d3315633617-0
00:04:36.080 --> 00:04:41.080
So I care more about Gerothrae than the
origin of all the species in the world.

11dc918f-4bcc-4122-967d-8aebe741c0b2-0
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And this is a big deal if you think about
the fact that he's the person who wrote

11dc918f-4bcc-4122-967d-8aebe741c0b2-1
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the book on the origin of the species,
right?

c8d96c6a-e003-4f8e-82ca-6f3c8c50c2ec-0
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So he was very,
very into carnivorous plants.

4d309da2-65eb-45f0-a75e-566ab62d7c74-0
00:04:52.720 --> 00:04:57.260
And I always like to tell my students,
one of my favorite things about Darwin is

4d309da2-65eb-45f0-a75e-566ab62d7c74-1
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that he was a very good naturalist and a
very good observer.

bfcc721e-a1ae-41ce-aaa4-8eb91b22a4ef-0
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So I'm going to turn it on you for a
second,

bfcc721e-a1ae-41ce-aaa4-8eb91b22a4ef-1
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and I want you to pretend you're Darwin.

bf493f3a-f83c-4da5-80d7-67ba5869a917-0
00:05:05.040 --> 00:05:05.440
OK?

9ee68f1a-893d-43dc-92f4-dd012d5634a4-0
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Here's a video of a Drosera capturing a
family.

84cc2533-ea5b-4fac-959c-7518deef1b6d-0
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And this is a different species than the
1 he saw.

db71293f-8d4e-4693-aebb-043e93a44c91-0
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And I want you to take a moment and just
ask yourself questions.

fbf8759b-f610-438a-8b84-2fde2cd44a33-0
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What do you wonder about this?

b057c275-ddd5-4b75-8c7a-d7de479c3efc-0
00:05:18.480 --> 00:05:22.720
What kind of questions do you have about
adaptation with this plant?

bd186bfe-8449-4fda-b9cc-ce2081be787e-0
00:05:23.240 --> 00:05:23.680
Go ahead.

3d124fb3-e168-474d-bcf0-daaa1bfc8dfe-0
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And when you're thinking about it for a
couple of seconds, talk to your neighbor.

5b43d5ac-3f23-40a3-bfcc-535dea2bcde6-0
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What kind of questions or ideas come to
your head?

ab09521c-b1cd-48c6-b587-664fddabf97b-0
00:06:16.440 --> 00:06:16.560
None.

3c9ec7f2-47c7-4012-8d20-05e876ce1cf4-0
00:06:39.000 --> 00:06:42.440
All right, great conversation.

de17b107-590f-47b6-8b2b-f0b727d0af5a-0
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So if anyone wants to share,
please raise your hand.

740eba46-9f8c-4a25-b0f0-d3033abbef01-0
00:06:45.400 --> 00:06:46.240
What did you talk about?

318123fa-8045-4d66-aee9-0088e5c9ef02-0
00:06:46.240 --> 00:06:49.120
What are the things that you wondered
about when you look at this video?

ae3b8d73-172e-4237-9509-5f98366faa48-0
00:06:50.720 --> 00:06:51.080
Yeah.

9860eb48-bdb2-43ed-a15f-8eae22c71dcf-0
00:06:53.400 --> 00:06:53.800
OK.

f92977ff-e1d5-4183-a18e-524c090a3a4f-0
00:06:53.800 --> 00:06:54.800
So how did it know to move?

eb051146-5932-478c-aa65-77e4d83c86d9-0
00:06:54.800 --> 00:06:55.080
How did it?

ba674b90-ef66-44a1-9fb7-5fc1bb0671a7-0
00:06:55.080 --> 00:06:56.960
What triggered a response?

40f99e1d-db27-4028-8ae1-53d70c3ba265-0
00:06:57.400 --> 00:06:59.000
So what is it responding to?

cae130c2-9298-434f-a372-7014e68d4a51-0
00:07:00.640 --> 00:07:01.800
You think about movement.

fdc4ae38-c719-4c45-bdd9-f954472147d2-0
00:07:04.440 --> 00:07:04.920
What are things?

700f0790-671f-4f4d-855e-e5c26b591c96-0
00:07:04.920 --> 00:07:05.160
Yeah.

b0d0674c-b2e9-4116-ad27-895ee7d76e2a-0
00:07:05.280 --> 00:07:07.600
What environment or what caused it to
evolve?

bc487971-8811-4359-a558-176d0224b3ad-0
00:07:08.040 --> 00:07:11.680
OK, So what environment did it?

eb9cb56b-3233-4311-9719-d2749688977c-0
00:07:12.200 --> 00:07:13.640
Does it live in environment?

ad7c38ef-59ea-451e-bc24-3e3002f3fdee-0
00:07:14.400 --> 00:07:17.720
Why Prey.

c89e1848-047c-41fc-890a-20bfd0e99379-0
00:07:18.800 --> 00:07:19.000
Yeah.

ea3669a1-16df-474a-b205-2cd04427fa60-0
00:07:19.000 --> 00:07:22.080
What kind of mechanism in the plant
controls that?

99fee06f-34c2-447b-b6a9-7df1f9463880-0
00:07:22.080 --> 00:07:22.360
Movement.

c9144196-45e8-4114-9fe7-e482100f344e-0
00:07:23.720 --> 00:07:28.280
So mechanism of movement, Yeah.

29684ca5-3433-4593-bd3f-9ea72915ce20-0
00:07:29.560 --> 00:07:30.840
How does it digest its frame?

3d5677fc-aa20-45c3-8194-3fe1d80eaf1b-0
00:07:31.600 --> 00:07:32.720
How does it digest?

9e6a032d-d05f-46b6-8ec5-b6a4b85a7f40-0
00:07:32.720 --> 00:07:37.840
So digestion all the way the way back.

bb5f832b-7472-46d9-b79b-aeb2c82393fa-0
00:07:38.120 --> 00:07:40.080
Where are the sensors located on the
plant?

c1bf0633-7a12-46de-9556-d909f7a1ed86-0
00:07:40.720 --> 00:07:41.320
Sensors.

eee14595-1c29-414d-97a1-e3a3e150c886-0
00:07:41.320 --> 00:07:43.640
So along with movement or digestion?

a8f2e798-8f57-4360-a55d-b7f9ade16603-0
00:07:44.320 --> 00:07:44.600
Movement.

5aeff4b0-9ddc-4b6b-afa8-55d9df57db1e-0
00:07:44.640 --> 00:07:49.320
OK,
so sensory kind of thinking about the

5aeff4b0-9ddc-4b6b-afa8-55d9df57db1e-1
00:07:49.320 --> 00:07:50.880
sensory there.

dcc5f8f6-e881-40de-9ac4-84d1c8f33ef0-0
00:07:51.400 --> 00:07:52.240
Anything else?

3b7ff355-5597-4328-9fc0-d97b2e2d0e0e-0
00:07:52.400 --> 00:07:52.640
Yeah.

b7c23fef-ef2c-4690-bf31-d9d52b2bab9e-0
00:07:52.640 --> 00:07:54.560
How do they attract the insects?

9ac62357-5ef0-4b8b-85d9-6e21c090cc55-0
00:07:54.960 --> 00:07:55.800
Attraction.

dd7d7d21-1d22-4d31-93eb-f808b6d052cb-0
00:07:55.800 --> 00:07:56.280
Yeah.

7ea59f3a-99ca-40df-b945-029b4aab3884-0
00:07:59.640 --> 00:08:00.520
Any others?

274ef59d-0095-4350-81a1-0ecf50fa0f64-0
00:08:33.440 --> 00:08:36.240
Mentioned,
what type of food does this plant,

274ef59d-0095-4350-81a1-0ecf50fa0f64-1
00:08:36.240 --> 00:08:37.640
the species respond to?

04750c8c-6418-46ab-af4c-cc225528c685-0
00:08:38.120 --> 00:08:40.440
Is it discriminatory on what it's
actually eating?

222c33ff-f18c-479f-a392-40ca20e3b176-0
00:08:40.800 --> 00:08:43.080
And then how does the plant digest prey?

784eb986-89b4-4a2d-bd28-4fe2066f2f62-0
00:08:43.440 --> 00:08:48.432
OK,
so Darwin was really good at being

784eb986-89b4-4a2d-bd28-4fe2066f2f62-1
00:08:48.432 --> 00:08:51.120
meticulous with data.

2926906f-d827-4a58-b938-70b9906cb0b7-0
00:08:51.640 --> 00:08:55.471
And So what he did is he took some of
these plants back to his home in his

2926906f-d827-4a58-b938-70b9906cb0b7-1
00:08:55.471 --> 00:08:57.720
greenhouse and he set up these
experiments.

38b2a723-a130-4994-86af-77a92be530b6-0
00:08:58.320 --> 00:09:02.398
And so to answer the first questions,
2 questions of like, why do they,

38b2a723-a130-4994-86af-77a92be530b6-1
00:09:02.398 --> 00:09:06.081
they trap insects and if they're
discriminatory with their prey,

38b2a723-a130-4994-86af-77a92be530b6-2
00:09:06.081 --> 00:09:10.160
He tested a bunch of different substances
on the plants on the sundews.

724e1974-447d-4293-b0dd-80180ff03b7f-0
00:09:10.480 --> 00:09:16.592
So he fed them hair, he fed them bone,
meat, egg, nitrogen, phosphorus,

724e1974-447d-4293-b0dd-80180ff03b7f-1
00:09:16.592 --> 00:09:18.800
ammonium and salts, right.

8d78b13a-ea9f-4ca2-b463-f010b65b2338-0
00:09:19.640 --> 00:09:24.433
The things that the plant actually
responded to and digested I have listed

8d78b13a-ea9f-4ca2-b463-f010b65b2338-1
00:09:24.433 --> 00:09:25.200
in red here.

c41e97e3-7244-40f5-97fc-ccccecc48b98-0
00:09:25.200 --> 00:09:28.543
So meat, egg,
nitrogen and phosphorus are what the

c41e97e3-7244-40f5-97fc-ccccecc48b98-1
00:09:28.543 --> 00:09:31.560
plant actually digested the other
substances.

5738d7d6-2fce-4363-940a-a2f889973f5b-0
00:09:31.560 --> 00:09:33.000
And there's more than just this list.

8144666c-8a9e-484e-af84-9ab14c27784e-0
00:09:33.360 --> 00:09:33.920
They did not.

39c9f663-7ef9-494d-b0a8-e9d2df20713c-0
00:09:33.920 --> 00:09:35.600
It did not respond to OK.

a325b2e5-1e06-4f87-8ed9-197ad5927dad-0
00:09:36.600 --> 00:09:39.280
So this kind of matched up with Darwin's
hypothesis.

a7d244e8-814d-452d-b94c-623ddcd2e1c2-0
00:09:39.720 --> 00:09:43.906
He knew that these plants grow in
nutrient poor Fens and bogs,

a7d244e8-814d-452d-b94c-623ddcd2e1c2-1
00:09:43.906 --> 00:09:47.229
and thinking that they're nutrient poor
habitats,

a7d244e8-814d-452d-b94c-623ddcd2e1c2-2
00:09:47.229 --> 00:09:52.612
he expected there was selection pressure
for these plants to evolve a way to get

a7d244e8-814d-452d-b94c-623ddcd2e1c2-3
00:09:52.612 --> 00:09:56.600
nitrogen and phosphorus from something
other than the soil.

88900806-d817-4d78-8de8-4d720313095b-0
00:09:56.960 --> 00:09:59.320
So that's why he thought they evolved
carnivore.

f16eb9d5-061a-44a1-a32e-b1d94f5bc95a-0
00:10:00.720 --> 00:10:04.890
So this matched up with his hypothesis
that there must have been some selection

f16eb9d5-061a-44a1-a32e-b1d94f5bc95a-1
00:10:04.890 --> 00:10:05.360
pressure.

3858b91e-dade-4c3d-b1ad-bb71b2d035e9-0
00:10:05.480 --> 00:10:09.665
And they respond to things that have
nitrogen and phosphorus, again,

3858b91e-dade-4c3d-b1ad-bb71b2d035e9-1
00:10:09.665 --> 00:10:12.880
because they're found in nutrient poor
soils, right?

01e2e969-aa08-45f2-b9d9-25ec954aded0-0
00:10:14.680 --> 00:10:18.560
So then the next question is, OK,
if that's a selective pressure,

01e2e969-aa08-45f2-b9d9-25ec954aded0-1
00:10:18.560 --> 00:10:20.560
how much of an adaptation is this?

48c57e5d-544c-40e9-b0b8-0a7cd2285f59-0
00:10:20.560 --> 00:10:23.680
Do they actually get nitrogen and
phosphorus?

15cf1d3d-c43d-400b-9642-baf9fbd8ed75-0
00:10:25.120 --> 00:10:27.640
So then he set up a couple more
experiments.

786833c3-94c4-40db-8202-c1dcf9617658-0
00:10:27.800 --> 00:10:32.240
So he set up plants that were fed versus
plants that were unfed.

98d3f434-6630-466a-a330-4328c773c107-0
00:10:32.840 --> 00:10:35.585
Now, unfortunately,
when he did the experiment,

98d3f434-6630-466a-a330-4328c773c107-1
00:10:35.585 --> 00:10:38.960
all of the plants died and then he passed
away after that.

508c2006-b9cc-46c3-9472-9b3d08c556b7-0
00:10:38.960 --> 00:10:42.400
So he didn't get to see it,
but his son took the reins.

f90757c7-ed50-499d-8282-a3f5de023751-0
00:10:42.400 --> 00:10:47.146
His son Francis took the the reins and
set up the same experiment and he got

f90757c7-ed50-499d-8282-a3f5de023751-1
00:10:47.146 --> 00:10:47.640
results.

46a438de-2741-4e7c-8026-66ce47fd6298-0
00:10:47.880 --> 00:10:54.520
His results were that the Fed plants grew
larger, had more flowers, and had larger.

364d3ea4-5515-4cac-8cab-65f555ef3e72-0
00:11:31.400 --> 00:11:33.878
He was assuming they also had these
things,

364d3ea4-5515-4cac-8cab-65f555ef3e72-1
00:11:33.878 --> 00:11:38.160
so he thought it was really related
closely to the way animals digest food.

bc13f1c6-5c3b-4a03-b94b-eac6de0c75b3-0
00:11:38.680 --> 00:11:41.076
Because of this, he wanted to know like,
OK,

bc13f1c6-5c3b-4a03-b94b-eac6de0c75b3-1
00:11:41.076 --> 00:11:43.686
so if they have acid to help breakdown
the food,

bc13f1c6-5c3b-4a03-b94b-eac6de0c75b3-2
00:11:43.686 --> 00:11:48.000
maybe I can neutralize that acid and it
would prevent them from eating the food.

0227c524-4e43-4a3b-a2d4-3d3247781428-0
00:11:48.480 --> 00:11:50.930
So what he did is he had two sets of
plants,

0227c524-4e43-4a3b-a2d4-3d3247781428-1
00:11:50.930 --> 00:11:54.360
control plants that were just fed food
with just regular food.

bb82b50b-2028-411b-9b2d-49c6b6e30c54-0
00:11:54.360 --> 00:11:54.760
No, no.

003ce6a0-8330-4082-8bf4-8e8e097a4cfa-0
00:11:54.760 --> 00:11:59.159
A thing was added to it and then
neutralized plants where he fed them food

003ce6a0-8330-4082-8bf4-8e8e097a4cfa-1
00:11:59.159 --> 00:12:03.382
with a basic substance on it so that when
they, the neutralized plants,

003ce6a0-8330-4082-8bf4-8e8e097a4cfa-2
00:12:03.382 --> 00:12:07.018
were fed those items,
it neutralized the acids that the plant

003ce6a0-8330-4082-8bf4-8e8e097a4cfa-3
00:12:07.018 --> 00:12:07.839
was producing.

9aeaec61-8f0d-4a36-ab6e-b7481467a4dc-0
00:12:07.840 --> 00:12:09.440
So the plant couldn't digest.

792cf20f-1f5a-4817-ac84-b39b6373ea8a-0
00:12:10.240 --> 00:12:16.253
So this showed that that there was some
sort of acid that the plant is exuding

792cf20f-1f5a-4817-ac84-b39b6373ea8a-1
00:12:16.253 --> 00:12:18.080
out to help digest prey.

32de44a9-460e-4c01-a46b-0e5aac7644e9-0
00:12:18.400 --> 00:12:22.280
So he blocked that and then they couldn't
actually eat the plants or eat the prey.

7f5ef65c-9345-4666-9133-613bed20a4dd-0
00:12:24.880 --> 00:12:28.080
So this is just three,
these are just three questions he asked.

b7d0248b-b17a-4d8f-98b1-8f183705cdf9-0
00:12:28.080 --> 00:12:30.498
Like I said,
he asked questions about movement and he

b7d0248b-b17a-4d8f-98b1-8f183705cdf9-1
00:12:30.498 --> 00:12:33.320
collaborated with somebody on movement
with the Venus flytrap.

4371c8a3-3866-4bdf-ab23-5dd8b08f74b6-0
00:12:33.960 --> 00:12:36.320
He was really interested in how that
movement occurred.

5881df05-f9ea-4c8a-968a-7364fe90a9a9-0
00:12:36.840 --> 00:12:41.533
But he took all those notes and he put it
together in a book called Insectivorous

5881df05-f9ea-4c8a-968a-7364fe90a9a9-1
00:12:41.533 --> 00:12:43.480
Plants that was published in 1875.

42489463-31a7-4ca8-82da-99c63d67c2e2-0
00:12:44.040 --> 00:12:48.072
And I have up here Mary Treat,
who is also a big botanist at the time in

42489463-31a7-4ca8-82da-99c63d67c2e2-1
00:12:48.072 --> 00:12:48.680
New Jersey.

a70e311c-6139-4051-a930-9ea80a8899ed-0
00:12:49.000 --> 00:12:51.960
She was very big on carnivorous plants.

7b8c7c40-b8a8-4cdd-8988-2ad5a6d8971f-0
00:12:51.960 --> 00:12:54.735
And she collaborated with him with that
book,

7b8c7c40-b8a8-4cdd-8988-2ad5a6d8971f-1
00:12:54.735 --> 00:12:59.200
gave him some feedback and a lot of
information about carnivorous plants.

b7dadbf6-21af-4edb-96fa-1c24ef0e5a0a-0
00:12:59.560 --> 00:13:02.072
And if you've read,
if you're a fan of Barbara Kingsolver,

b7dadbf6-21af-4edb-96fa-1c24ef0e5a0a-1
00:13:02.072 --> 00:13:04.712
the unsheltered book,
she's actually one of the characters in

b7dadbf6-21af-4edb-96fa-1c24ef0e5a0a-2
00:13:04.712 --> 00:13:04.840
it.

4922ac45-23a7-409e-a1ac-a497a8666afb-0
00:13:05.520 --> 00:13:07.120
That's where you might have heard that
name as well.

c87a1324-f6c1-4620-9d5a-dd9b485888ed-0
00:13:10.120 --> 00:13:14.040
So what do we know now since Darwin's
time about these same questions?

11ef76f9-5e8c-4bf1-8590-1dddd25f69ea-0
00:13:14.560 --> 00:13:16.503
Well,
we know that carnivorous plants have

11ef76f9-5e8c-4bf1-8590-1dddd25f69ea-1
00:13:16.503 --> 00:13:18.040
evolved in nutrient poor habitats.

b71cb0da-32c3-4641-855a-a48f4266b798-0
00:13:18.360 --> 00:13:22.920
And this is just a graph up here with see,
I do that.

18cfc260-f1bc-4626-9724-e096b00f9b53-0
00:13:24.840 --> 00:13:27.440
So substrate moisture is on this X axis
here.

b8a13f65-b5f6-436e-a9e4-cabf5e37d4ca-0
00:13:27.440 --> 00:13:32.120
So dry all the way to wet on the Y axis
we have nutrient poor to nutrient rich.

6bbc18e6-b10d-4ee4-bffe-b16eb419709b-0
00:13:32.440 --> 00:13:36.797
And if you take all of the carnivorous
plants in the world,

6bbc18e6-b10d-4ee4-bffe-b16eb419709b-1
00:13:36.797 --> 00:13:42.390
you find that they are not in this
category of the nutrient differences here

6bbc18e6-b10d-4ee4-bffe-b16eb419709b-2
00:13:42.390 --> 00:13:43.480
or dry habitat.

f45b7b2d-d0f5-43ce-b102-ac111a8a0ac4-0
00:13:43.480 --> 00:13:48.813
You find most carnivorous plants are
found in wet habitats that are nutrient

f45b7b2d-d0f5-43ce-b102-ac111a8a0ac4-1
00:13:48.813 --> 00:13:49.160
poor.

174550a2-f6ef-4e1e-a483-2cd3f7d52567-0
00:13:49.560 --> 00:13:51.848
So all the carnivorous plants in the
world,

174550a2-f6ef-4e1e-a483-2cd3f7d52567-1
00:13:51.848 --> 00:13:56.112
you find them in these habitats that have
set up this this scenario for selection

174550a2-f6ef-4e1e-a483-2cd3f7d52567-2
00:13:56.112 --> 00:13:59.440
to get prey so they can get nutrients
from other than the soil.

ce4f9495-ebb7-4abb-ae91-45fe9d055617-0
00:14:01.440 --> 00:14:07.560
And we also see when now that something
that Darwin didn't have was isotopes.

6f591257-e576-4fbd-be98-6a8ca9cbee16-0
00:14:07.920 --> 00:14:11.661
So there's a lot of studies now that have
looked at nitrogen isotopes to track how

6f591257-e576-4fbd-be98-6a8ca9cbee16-1
00:14:11.661 --> 00:14:13.960
the nitrogen moves from the animal into
the plant.

29f47ff2-47e0-432f-bce2-16af0fd9257a-0
00:14:13.960 --> 00:14:19.768
And we find that plants that were fed hit
most of their nitrogen is from the actual

29f47ff2-47e0-432f-bce2-16af0fd9257a-1
00:14:19.768 --> 00:14:23.640
insects and not from something else in
the environment.

356221db-c1f3-4c86-856a-ff2f282fd922-0
00:14:23.840 --> 00:14:28.006
So there's definitely a big difference
between how much nitrogen they're taking

356221db-c1f3-4c86-856a-ff2f282fd922-1
00:14:28.006 --> 00:14:29.360
up if they're eating prey.

a223a72b-8c78-4a3f-a90b-d9dc7b3d76d7-0
00:14:30.040 --> 00:14:30.360
OK.

8eca6c7d-a283-4d68-abf4-ee2cb3ff6a0b-0
00:14:32.000 --> 00:14:36.198
And lastly, there's been numerous,
numerous studies have have supported what

8eca6c7d-a283-4d68-abf4-ee2cb3ff6a0b-1
00:14:36.198 --> 00:14:39.416
Darwin's son showed,
that when you give these plants prey,

8eca6c7d-a283-4d68-abf4-ee2cb3ff6a0b-2
00:14:39.416 --> 00:14:42.851
because they're getting more nitrogen,
they're growing larger,

8eca6c7d-a283-4d68-abf4-ee2cb3ff6a0b-3
00:14:42.851 --> 00:14:45.360
they have more seeds,
they make more flowers.

d3d2ff3d-e4c5-45a7-adf7-6f5354506dbd-0
00:14:45.600 --> 00:14:48.945
So again,
showing there's a fitness benefit to

d3d2ff3d-e4c5-45a7-adf7-6f5354506dbd-1
00:14:48.945 --> 00:14:49.800
eating prey.

ab0a59c2-b71e-4721-8692-e8d179694af1-0
00:14:53.200 --> 00:14:54.920
What do we know about digestion now?

0d2ef8d6-391a-42f4-a411-deeefe392095-0
00:14:55.360 --> 00:14:59.080
We know a lot,
but we still have a lot to learn.

7c30eda1-a344-4caa-82a6-f3d946577964-0
00:14:59.280 --> 00:15:03.702
So we are just on the cusp of really
understanding how digestion works in

7c30eda1-a344-4caa-82a6-f3d946577964-1
00:15:03.702 --> 00:15:04.480
these plants.

c62530ba-e373-4818-be2d-c3789b8ff2a4-0
00:15:05.560 --> 00:15:10.280
So I have up here a a figure from this
paper that came out recently.

a8bcb8c9-1257-42d7-ade1-01bd57ad873a-0
00:15:10.600 --> 00:15:14.240
And up at the top you have carnivorous
plant, in this case a Venus flytrap.

387445d4-22c7-4fd0-ad57-35b42ea32b09-0
00:15:14.760 --> 00:15:19.416
And you have a human on the other side
showing like how the digestive systems

387445d4-22c7-4fd0-ad57-35b42ea32b09-1
00:15:19.416 --> 00:15:22.760
are set up differently between the plant
and the human.

0a0d99b5-36a0-4076-96af-568843a3502f-0
00:15:23.120 --> 00:15:26.020
So in humans,
we have three parts of our digestive

0a0d99b5-36a0-4076-96af-568843a3502f-1
00:15:26.020 --> 00:15:26.760
tract, right?

00a587ba-739e-4a7a-a73c-d171f2dbb092-0
00:15:27.360 --> 00:15:30.808
These carnivorous plants,
all of their digestion,

00a587ba-739e-4a7a-a73c-d171f2dbb092-1
00:15:30.808 --> 00:15:35.360
their absorption has to happen with the
leaf, the trap structure.

1210ea44-ea1d-443f-aff8-8302fd9443c1-0
00:15:35.720 --> 00:15:39.688
So that's what this top part is showing,
is that all three of these systems,

1210ea44-ea1d-443f-aff8-8302fd9443c1-1
00:15:39.688 --> 00:15:42.934
these ways we digest,
they're all happening within the leaf of

1210ea44-ea1d-443f-aff8-8302fd9443c1-2
00:15:42.934 --> 00:15:44.120
that carnivorous plant.

32d68cba-6412-4f63-896b-300ff0f6f73c-0
00:15:45.160 --> 00:15:48.551
When we look at the 2,
so this is the plant side,

32d68cba-6412-4f63-896b-300ff0f6f73c-1
00:15:48.551 --> 00:15:51.400
this on the right side is the animal side.

cb164a0e-a044-441f-a52c-3f941f6bae68-0
00:15:52.240 --> 00:15:55.600
We have similar things happening in our
stomachs.

8c378bac-a8fc-4536-bc29-b4295fe96325-0
00:15:55.880 --> 00:16:00.360
We secrete acid,
hydrochloric acid to help breakdown food.

e71bb9f5-ed21-4409-b157-7b9e7fb6e8ae-0
00:16:01.600 --> 00:16:03.800
These plants are doing something similar.

7e41c967-04fa-402f-a9a3-fce4daca32e3-0
00:16:03.800 --> 00:16:06.776
There's question marks here because we
don't know across all plants,

7e41c967-04fa-402f-a9a3-fce4daca32e3-1
00:16:06.776 --> 00:16:08.760
but they're also releasing hydrochloric
acid.

87c475fb-3ac2-4ae4-ad8c-2fc0da3d8468-0
00:16:09.320 --> 00:16:14.170
And their acid levels are a little more
basic than humans like ours are like at

87c475fb-3ac2-4ae4-ad8c-2fc0da3d8468-1
00:16:14.170 --> 00:16:17.324
the pH of 1 carnivorous plants,
about two or three,

87c475fb-3ac2-4ae4-ad8c-2fc0da3d8468-2
00:16:17.324 --> 00:16:18.840
but they're still acidic.

36c3201d-e899-4df9-8663-d793efbfa62b-0
00:16:19.200 --> 00:16:23.640
On the outside of the plant,
there's secretion of enzymes.

95589e1b-9574-4fed-9ab4-ace7bc42bc16-0
00:16:23.640 --> 00:16:28.520
So Darwin again thought pepsin was
involved with carnivorous plant digestion.

3db8943d-55a1-4d42-b49d-f94dbdd105b9-0
00:16:28.520 --> 00:16:31.720
Sure enough,
we have pepsin type enzymes that the

3db8943d-55a1-4d42-b49d-f94dbdd105b9-1
00:16:31.720 --> 00:16:34.280
plants are secreting through exocytosis.

c78fa98e-518b-4dde-9dc6-be436085e6a7-0
00:16:34.520 --> 00:16:37.349
And humans we're,
we're secreting our enzymes the same kind

c78fa98e-518b-4dde-9dc6-be436085e6a7-1
00:16:37.349 --> 00:16:37.680
of way.

edd907a3-fd9d-4afa-886d-a1277187d58d-0
00:16:39.200 --> 00:16:43.933
Then the absorption piece,
there are different things that are

edd907a3-fd9d-4afa-886d-a1277187d58d-1
00:16:43.933 --> 00:16:49.343
absorbing the, the actual ammonium,
the phosphate, the the, sorry, the,

edd907a3-fd9d-4afa-886d-a1277187d58d-2
00:16:49.343 --> 00:16:50.320
the nitrogen.

8aa19431-354e-489f-a0fd-75bfacd8ce78-0
00:16:50.320 --> 00:16:54.016
So like there is absorption of those
things happening similar to what we see

8aa19431-354e-489f-a0fd-75bfacd8ce78-1
00:16:54.016 --> 00:16:54.880
in our gut system.

66379bb5-3d9a-4afd-ac6a-9f74859edb32-0
00:16:55.480 --> 00:17:00.515
And for larger macromolecule type things,
there's endocytosis where the plant is

66379bb5-3d9a-4afd-ac6a-9f74859edb32-1
00:17:00.515 --> 00:17:05.303
able to actually engulf some of these
larger compounds and bring them in and

66379bb5-3d9a-4afd-ac6a-9f74859edb32-2
00:17:05.303 --> 00:17:06.360
absorb that prey.

bdeca733-7126-4c22-84a8-4034d4fdd640-0
00:17:07.520 --> 00:17:10.000
So very similar kind of functions.

531300b9-8b43-465f-aae5-f1407fc78a38-0
00:17:13.640 --> 00:17:18.765
What's also neat, in the last 10 years,
we now know that our microbiome plays a

531300b9-8b43-465f-aae5-f1407fc78a38-1
00:17:18.765 --> 00:17:20.880
big role in our digestion, right?

d3b793d6-ce59-4909-9d2f-707464fa0918-0
00:17:21.640 --> 00:17:24.000
We're seeing this in carnivorous plants
as well.

2b29ac54-1bb8-4a30-9d01-d83e68064535-0
00:17:24.000 --> 00:17:28.435
So not only are they making acids,
making enzymes to digest prey,

2b29ac54-1bb8-4a30-9d01-d83e68064535-1
00:17:28.435 --> 00:17:33.476
but there's a microbiome that's also
contributing to the breakdown of prey

2b29ac54-1bb8-4a30-9d01-d83e68064535-2
00:17:33.476 --> 00:17:33.880
items.

8774db91-d8a6-4c1a-b0b6-6ea27ad124b8-0
00:17:34.280 --> 00:17:37.320
So this here is a utricularia or bladder
wart.

d7c0b70a-6319-4e70-beb1-6dd57275c017-0
00:17:37.320 --> 00:17:40.424
So this plant,
the aquatic species have these little

d7c0b70a-6319-4e70-beb1-6dd57275c017-1
00:17:40.424 --> 00:17:43.060
bladders here and that's how they trap
prey,

d7c0b70a-6319-4e70-beb1-6dd57275c017-2
00:17:43.060 --> 00:17:45.520
prey they have like pull in the prey item.

5aa9d826-5ba1-4fb9-8ca2-3d8e95c1fcce-0
00:17:46.000 --> 00:17:50.754
And the study was looking at is the
microbiome in the aquatic habitat outside

5aa9d826-5ba1-4fb9-8ca2-3d8e95c1fcce-1
00:17:50.754 --> 00:17:54.960
of the the bladder different than the
microbiome inside the bladder.

055619e8-83bd-48a5-9440-752170a0a6bb-0
00:17:57.280 --> 00:17:59.760
And sure enough,
they did find differences.

3c349d43-dba1-4972-8bdc-b2971ec27141-0
00:18:00.040 --> 00:18:03.480
So these are just two different sampling
of the bacteria.

3acead75-d109-4b50-994c-c99175e2523f-0
00:18:03.960 --> 00:18:06.920
This is outside the bladder,
this is inside.

b0b1f0aa-7f98-426f-ba13-981211f271ba-0
00:18:06.920 --> 00:18:10.520
So you have differences between the prey
that they're just showing that there's

b0b1f0aa-7f98-426f-ba13-981211f271ba-1
00:18:10.520 --> 00:18:13.040
different or differences within trapped
in the outside.

5394eca8-8baa-40b4-915b-cfc7d5e9860b-0
00:18:13.040 --> 00:18:15.360
They're just showing there's different
microbial communities.

2f20f967-d3bc-4d68-a5c3-d6734f4e761b-0
00:18:15.880 --> 00:18:19.791
So there does seem to be some selection
by this plan of what their microbiome

2f20f967-d3bc-4d68-a5c3-d6734f4e761b-1
00:18:19.791 --> 00:18:22.800
looks like inside the bladder versus
what's on the outside.

2719792e-1ad6-44fe-a8de-615927c99998-0
00:18:23.480 --> 00:18:25.440
And this isn't the only study that has
found this.

4f09e8bf-957c-426f-ac25-58b12ac02d51-0
00:18:25.440 --> 00:18:29.964
There have been numerous studies of
carnivorous plants that have shown that

4f09e8bf-957c-426f-ac25-58b12ac02d51-1
00:18:29.964 --> 00:18:34.667
they have this whole bacteria microbiome
with eukaryotes and also a fungi that

4f09e8bf-957c-426f-ac25-58b12ac02d51-2
00:18:34.667 --> 00:18:35.680
help digest prey.

c92f5290-f9f1-45fc-9f41-304cb0ca351d-0
00:18:35.680 --> 00:18:38.569
And we're just kind of hitting the
surface of that right now,

c92f5290-f9f1-45fc-9f41-304cb0ca351d-1
00:18:38.569 --> 00:18:40.760
trying to understand that those
relationships.

226f257c-4f7e-48b8-a551-0223c486594e-0
00:18:42.360 --> 00:18:46.280
And this paper came out last year in
Nature, so big journal.

e272eb70-1845-42c1-b13d-f95d4baec96c-0
00:18:46.920 --> 00:18:49.800
And this was one of the coolest findings,
I think.

3a1620e5-d2e2-48ef-8d1d-415286d24151-0
00:18:50.120 --> 00:18:54.728
So Aunt Roshira,
our little sun do where the mucilage is

3a1620e5-d2e2-48ef-8d1d-415286d24151-1
00:18:54.728 --> 00:19:00.873
here they found that there is this
acidophilic fungus that so acidic philic

3a1620e5-d2e2-48ef-8d1d-415286d24151-2
00:19:00.873 --> 00:19:05.240
means acid loving fungus that colonizes
the mucilage.

095d25ee-f33a-43fe-8eae-780a7d38107c-0
00:19:05.640 --> 00:19:08.280
So this is where the acid's produced on
these plants.

54732470-5415-4fbd-9b1c-c21a01e814ee-0
00:19:08.680 --> 00:19:13.040
And what they found is that it's at quite
a high rate compared to the environment.

9679826c-b0f3-4980-bf17-d2a318847cad-0
00:19:13.040 --> 00:19:15.720
So here's Moss,
here's other vascular plants.

13c4c93d-420f-474e-8125-98faa1945a5d-0
00:19:15.960 --> 00:19:20.650
So in Drosser on the sundews,
you find this fungus quite regularly

13c4c93d-420f-474e-8125-98faa1945a5d-1
00:19:20.650 --> 00:19:22.400
colonizing that mucilage.

3660a1a7-4600-4df3-9081-cc78ceb07132-0
00:19:23.320 --> 00:19:28.346
What they found after they did some
inoculation treatments is that that

3660a1a7-4600-4df3-9081-cc78ceb07132-1
00:19:28.346 --> 00:19:30.720
fungus actually helps digest prey.

ba989bd5-c8bc-4578-bd8e-a45a4c38d898-0
00:19:31.080 --> 00:19:35.938
So there's this relationship there
between not only them being able to break

ba989bd5-c8bc-4578-bd8e-a45a4c38d898-1
00:19:35.938 --> 00:19:39.408
down the acid,
but they're using a fungus to also help

ba989bd5-c8bc-4578-bd8e-a45a4c38d898-2
00:19:39.408 --> 00:19:43.320
breakdown food in this kind of commensal
relationship, right?

00ecac29-f1c4-409e-9932-950bfe90527c-0
00:19:43.320 --> 00:19:47.061
So there's all this new research coming
out about how these plants are using

00ecac29-f1c4-409e-9932-950bfe90527c-1
00:19:47.061 --> 00:19:49.200
these microbiomes to also help digest
prey.

8f88dfb4-d6aa-416b-9d7a-c8df79f5ed74-0
00:19:53.280 --> 00:19:56.735
So to kind of summarize what Darwin was
interested in,

8f88dfb4-d6aa-416b-9d7a-c8df79f5ed74-1
00:19:56.735 --> 00:20:01.008
what we now know is that yes,
these plants evolved in nutrient poor

8f88dfb4-d6aa-416b-9d7a-c8df79f5ed74-2
00:20:01.008 --> 00:20:05.972
habitats and therefore there was strong
selective pressure to evolve traits to

8f88dfb4-d6aa-416b-9d7a-c8df79f5ed74-3
00:20:05.972 --> 00:20:07.480
capture and digest prey.

fa307afe-9d3c-40ee-975d-da0476e39f5b-0
00:20:08.000 --> 00:20:10.488
So Darwin did these experiments
supporting this,

fa307afe-9d3c-40ee-975d-da0476e39f5b-1
00:20:10.488 --> 00:20:14.194
since this time we have a better
understanding of all carnivorous plants

fa307afe-9d3c-40ee-975d-da0476e39f5b-2
00:20:14.194 --> 00:20:16.479
that they do live in nutrient poor
habitats.

8a01c138-dac4-4d73-ad52-6f864ea234b7-0
00:20:16.880 --> 00:20:20.489
That they are getting nitrogen and
phosphorus from their prey items,

8a01c138-dac4-4d73-ad52-6f864ea234b7-1
00:20:20.489 --> 00:20:23.000
and it does give them a fitness benefit,
right?

be5e4123-e4f2-4945-9aa8-8d3b0e2f7f02-0
00:20:23.000 --> 00:20:25.840
We've seen this time and time again in
carnivorous plant research.

c9b98256-d97f-40d4-a164-cf9ea6cca94c-0
00:20:26.840 --> 00:20:31.008
The other thing Darwin was really
interested in is knowing whether or how

c9b98256-d97f-40d4-a164-cf9ea6cca94c-1
00:20:31.008 --> 00:20:32.360
this plant digests prey.

e035b408-1b00-4bf5-86b6-b5f0eb390e73-0
00:20:32.880 --> 00:20:35.240
And yes,
they're similar to animal digestion.

bc99c57f-0aaf-4b73-a535-9e799a1f6020-0
00:20:35.240 --> 00:20:39.600
It's not completely the same like he
thought, but there's similar mechanisms.

fcb7696c-bfec-4b20-aef1-0d6fc7f63fc1-0
00:20:39.600 --> 00:20:41.600
Enzymes are similar.

87d71e81-f256-4c5d-ae4c-d3f0bd4d8301-0
00:20:41.600 --> 00:20:43.760
The the Pepcid enzyme is slightly similar.

906be9d4-a942-4f0f-8f7f-d45733eba719-0
00:20:43.960 --> 00:20:47.311
These plants also have chitinase,
which help breakdown exoskeletons of

906be9d4-a942-4f0f-8f7f-d45733eba719-1
00:20:47.311 --> 00:20:48.680
insects, which we don't have.

17610438-dcd3-48a8-a662-51341a606e30-0
00:20:49.240 --> 00:20:51.871
But there's similar ideas,
Acid to help breakdown,

17610438-dcd3-48a8-a662-51341a606e30-1
00:20:51.871 --> 00:20:55.122
enzymes to help breakdown,
and then they absorb similar to our

17610438-dcd3-48a8-a662-51341a606e30-2
00:20:55.122 --> 00:20:56.000
digestive tracts.

385046f8-d4bf-401b-accb-2f1298ae6dd8-0
00:20:56.360 --> 00:21:01.501
Yeah,
but there's still so many more questions

385046f8-d4bf-401b-accb-2f1298ae6dd8-1
00:21:01.501 --> 00:21:05.440
as you guys, you know, have up here.

3bf9af32-a2a0-4ac1-9fdd-c00045ea02f5-0
00:21:05.440 --> 00:21:11.163
There's a lot of questions to still ask
about these plants and Darwin would be

3bf9af32-a2a0-4ac1-9fdd-c00045ea02f5-1
00:21:11.163 --> 00:21:11.960
amazed now.

3bcf20a2-bc9d-4620-8805-e3de95c9b3d6-0
00:21:12.600 --> 00:21:20.108
So we have at this point discovered
roughly 800 plus species of carnivorous

3bcf20a2-bc9d-4620-8805-e3de95c9b3d6-1
00:21:20.108 --> 00:21:20.800
plants.

a8e1c605-3719-47ab-860e-4deb37615c79-0
00:21:20.800 --> 00:21:27.459
And here are just a couple of pictures of
those traps, these different plant types,

a8e1c605-3719-47ab-860e-4deb37615c79-1
00:21:27.459 --> 00:21:34.040
so all sorts of variation in how they're
attracting, capturing and digesting prey.

6dcc3538-0ce8-4e72-bffe-27b18cf83a7d-0
00:21:35.360 --> 00:21:40.000
And again,
more than 800 species known worldwide.

1f6048bf-9356-479f-895c-ba09d26801e5-0
00:21:40.640 --> 00:21:44.360
Darwin only really knew about the Sun,
Dews and the Venus fly trap.

b0c1a81b-d7dc-460f-9414-52f2f636f8cb-0
00:21:45.520 --> 00:21:47.000
So that's the only ones he played around
with.

d85791d8-71a4-4469-a9bd-ba537eefd2de-0
00:21:47.000 --> 00:21:51.400
But now we know there's a lot of ways
these plants can trap and digest.

2bc43ec9-83e7-48ea-9f12-e986d186d190-0
00:21:51.400 --> 00:21:51.760
Pray.

0bf0e864-a9b7-4b69-b5a2-439e7bd98f2d-0
00:21:52.600 --> 00:21:57.139
The other really interesting thing that
would have blown his mind is this has

0bf0e864-a9b7-4b69-b5a2-439e7bd98f2d-1
00:21:57.139 --> 00:22:01.562
happened independently evolved 9 times,
meaning that all carnivorous plants

0bf0e864-a9b7-4b69-b5a2-439e7bd98f2d-2
00:22:01.562 --> 00:22:03.599
aren't necessarily they're related.

c5244147-17ab-496b-8e78-781ae00f7491-0
00:22:03.600 --> 00:22:08.358
We have independent evolution of this
whole suite of traits to capture and

c5244147-17ab-496b-8e78-781ae00f7491-1
00:22:08.358 --> 00:22:09.120
digest prey.

7c76f0af-d939-4be8-82a2-f3c0869d8684-0
00:22:09.480 --> 00:22:13.426
So it's been convergent evolution on
these suites of traits to capture prey,

7c76f0af-d939-4be8-82a2-f3c0869d8684-1
00:22:13.426 --> 00:22:16.040
and they all kind of do it a different
way, right?

3f26c394-0cb6-42c7-9e70-b3096b8a15f5-0
00:22:16.920 --> 00:22:20.967
So I'm going to go through just some of
the different trapping structures to give

3f26c394-0cb6-42c7-9e70-b3096b8a15f5-1
00:22:20.967 --> 00:22:23.040
you a feel for kind of how they trap prey.

87b5988e-2689-4da7-8fc6-2eb854c13579-0
00:24:59.720 --> 00:25:03.520
So Sundews eutricularia,
which are the butter warts.

1be8a478-0bce-4212-ae1b-8ef8ee13a512-0
00:25:03.920 --> 00:25:07.600
Butter warts basically look like they
have butter on the leaves.

9ddbda3c-f62b-4f41-adbb-14f76cc570ec-0
00:25:07.600 --> 00:25:09.240
That's where they got their name.

1de4367f-b076-46d1-a63b-9698c9eb9c92-0
00:25:42.840 --> 00:25:47.040
Venus flytraps that they've niche
partitioned their food sources.

0444b3d4-801f-4e01-9b3c-4e8098a9947a-0
00:25:47.040 --> 00:25:50.010
So these tend to like really small fruit
flies,

0444b3d4-801f-4e01-9b3c-4e8098a9947a-1
00:25:50.010 --> 00:25:52.920
while Venus flytraps like larger flies,
right?

eaae8b07-8ed0-451f-8de5-456d54ec548e-0
00:25:52.920 --> 00:25:55.080
So they've kind of diverged in what they
eat.

83dec5f1-9e60-4138-b9ba-d65f945e9595-0
00:25:59.200 --> 00:26:02.200
And then we're going to talk about my
favorite groups, the pitcher plants.

ebd0137c-1a4f-4a4d-9edb-aa8c5ee40a6e-0
00:26:02.560 --> 00:26:04.360
So these are called pitfall traps.

2d2d0972-75bb-4ef6-93d0-9dedda6d9505-0
00:26:04.360 --> 00:26:08.040
These are passive traps,
and this group up here are Nepenthes.

d4ada2cc-6307-452f-920c-5ab282cb40c7-0
00:26:08.040 --> 00:26:10.000
So these are found in Southeast Asia.

7c902c22-74fb-43a9-9f17-d8455f659fa2-0
00:26:10.640 --> 00:26:12.160
And I have this picture up here.

c1e45fa2-d252-410d-b5d6-37aa0c0c536f-0
00:26:12.160 --> 00:26:15.920
So you can see the diversity of traps,
right?

b6f9c248-8deb-4151-8f14-8821de8b971a-0
00:26:15.920 --> 00:26:17.320
Lots of variation in traps.

ea2c7ef9-5ff6-4f31-8ca3-b47699398767-0
00:26:17.320 --> 00:26:21.950
Again, these are leaves,
and they all look very different across

ea2c7ef9-5ff6-4f31-8ca3-b47699398767-1
00:26:21.950 --> 00:26:22.520
species.

1d9f35a4-f673-435c-b737-3ba5678e0fc5-0
00:26:24.080 --> 00:26:26.680
Why might you think they look different
across species?

9a9b35c2-b75b-42e4-bc61-f8304433a287-0
00:26:30.160 --> 00:26:33.336
Yeah, to catch different craniums,
to catch different craniums,

9a9b35c2-b75b-42e4-bc61-f8304433a287-1
00:26:33.336 --> 00:26:34.280
that's my question.

aab820b8-fe3d-4218-9e46-e3265912c1cf-0
00:26:34.280 --> 00:26:36.240
That's exactly what I was trying to
figure out, right.

2021c78b-570e-4264-8773-396ad237145d-0
00:26:36.240 --> 00:26:37.560
So that is why I would.

f9ca8130-85b0-4d1c-b248-a77f4381325b-0
00:27:30.920 --> 00:27:31.040
None.

bb21ae4a-8172-4c57-b9a3-a7986e9749f4-0
00:28:00.920 --> 00:28:01.040
None.

40d5408a-9c0b-4635-9257-95a5eab6c6ee-0
00:28:30.920 --> 00:28:31.040
None.

d3b7b31f-4910-4fbe-9b26-dd4a91193daa-0
00:29:00.920 --> 00:29:01.040
None.

b637c37d-fee8-4c21-a399-fb40c4620628-0
00:29:30.920 --> 00:29:31.040
None.

14c35a0e-6f8c-4dde-9b61-03479966ce60-0
00:29:46.280 --> 00:29:50.773
So to give you a little background of the
plant structure before I go into how I

14c35a0e-6f8c-4dde-9b61-03479966ce60-1
00:29:50.773 --> 00:29:52.160
measured the leaf pieces.

92ae065e-2a26-485f-8bdd-5631706bbad8-0
00:29:52.440 --> 00:29:55.360
So this is a trap and there's these 4
zones to it.

0fb77fb7-e92d-438a-8d37-4786a18ef6c9-0
00:29:55.360 --> 00:29:58.431
So there's an attraction zone,
a conductive zone,

0fb77fb7-e92d-438a-8d37-4786a18ef6c9-1
00:29:58.431 --> 00:30:00.520
glandular zone and detentive zone.

c4b241ad-c82a-419c-b393-02bd00cf93d6-0
00:30:01.120 --> 00:30:06.127
And then we have the hood, the opening,
which is the mouth, the orifice, the lip,

c4b241ad-c82a-419c-b393-02bd00cf93d6-1
00:30:06.127 --> 00:30:09.120
this wing here,
and then the pedial at the base.

dc030813-af91-4bd3-bcf5-9787a6c84c53-0
00:30:10.040 --> 00:30:13.104
So up in the attractive zone,
it gets its name because it's an

dc030813-af91-4bd3-bcf5-9787a6c84c53-1
00:30:13.104 --> 00:30:13.640
attractive.

394dd1db-20e7-4464-8c00-2aa8426cc921-0
00:32:55.680 --> 00:32:59.880
Looking at and to be able to see it in 2
dimensions, it collapses it down.

58f07798-f53c-4612-991e-968ab1a3f80b-0
00:33:00.120 --> 00:33:04.160
So you see like where that point falls in
this kind of two-dimensional axis.

13de80de-8be3-444d-9756-28f133328f73-0
00:33:04.840 --> 00:33:08.480
So each dot here is a different
individual, right?

72992f05-0c04-4ec1-bb07-af0184d81266-0
00:33:08.960 --> 00:33:12.320
The grey dots represent the shorter
species,

72992f05-0c04-4ec1-bb07-af0184d81266-1
00:33:12.320 --> 00:33:15.680
the black dots represent the taller
species.

c8df2c7a-2867-4493-8095-6899055bcc28-0
00:33:16.160 --> 00:33:21.212
And what these arrows tell you is that
how these traits like these individuals,

c8df2c7a-2867-4493-8095-6899055bcc28-1
00:33:21.212 --> 00:33:24.560
what traits they have on that
two-dimensional space.

ba3c143f-8e25-465e-9981-21031b36736a-0
00:33:25.040 --> 00:33:30.090
So all of the black dots here have larger
openings to their mouth and they're

ba3c143f-8e25-465e-9981-21031b36736a-1
00:33:30.090 --> 00:33:32.680
taller and they have fewer of the hairs.

d247c5dd-1fe8-48ff-bdce-70e3979d4b95-0
00:33:32.680 --> 00:33:36.028
That's what this is showing here because
it's on this side of the line,

d247c5dd-1fe8-48ff-bdce-70e3979d4b95-1
00:33:36.028 --> 00:33:38.400
on this side,
these individuals have more of those

d247c5dd-1fe8-48ff-bdce-70e3979d4b95-2
00:33:38.400 --> 00:33:38.680
hairs.

7e23e715-5994-412d-b317-13c3caf8b35e-0
00:33:38.920 --> 00:33:39.120
They're.

a6bd8464-8790-488f-ba2f-15a4f155383c-0
00:37:54.400 --> 00:37:56.760
They have to go into and they have to
direct them towards the mouth.

c4671513-b9b5-43c0-a861-40d4cfc2e4a3-0
00:37:57.680 --> 00:38:01.961
So that's why we we are thinking that the
wing probably is also more common in

c4671513-b9b5-43c0-a861-40d4cfc2e4a3-1
00:38:01.961 --> 00:38:02.720
small species.

e75109fc-18f0-4303-9a6c-8f68f48a43db-0
00:38:04.280 --> 00:38:08.116
So what this says is yes,
there are correlation of traits across

e75109fc-18f0-4303-9a6c-8f68f48a43db-1
00:38:08.116 --> 00:38:11.480
the phylogenetic tree of Saracenia of of
pitcher plants.

236efa53-3f2f-4284-b039-b2c3de28205b-0
00:38:11.920 --> 00:38:15.880
Small pitcher plant species tend to have
more hairs on the outside.

09db8799-c8dc-4d37-87e3-99feee9f0d79-0
00:38:16.480 --> 00:38:19.801
They're smaller,
They have a wider wing of a broader wing

09db8799-c8dc-4d37-87e3-99feee9f0d79-1
00:38:19.801 --> 00:38:21.920
and they have a bigger mouth opening.

ccec0180-d93e-4f2b-9346-4ed9115c25d3-0
00:38:23.120 --> 00:38:25.160
And then the the tall ones are the
opposite.

d3fd938a-b070-481a-ba63-7e3c23052988-0
00:38:25.560 --> 00:38:28.480
So similar to what we saw with the
Seracinia minor.

5b3c5645-d105-4229-8ebd-8f8d7d325e22-0
00:38:30.440 --> 00:38:36.367
So if we collapse these all these traits
like I did before by species onto a

5b3c5645-d105-4229-8ebd-8f8d7d325e22-1
00:38:36.367 --> 00:38:38.600
principal component analysis.

b38eb874-9f76-422e-9c6e-fcf99bed463b-0
00:38:38.600 --> 00:38:42.600
So again, in this case,
each dot represents a species.

a04ab6b0-422e-478e-97cd-b1b2e9d24a1f-0
00:38:42.600 --> 00:38:43.920
And here's all the species here.

d165faa2-423a-45d6-9972-a55862eb9b16-0
00:38:44.640 --> 00:38:48.160
These arrows tell you what these traits
are correlating with.

7989f2ff-25ee-499a-8633-e63ca163d3a4-0
00:38:48.160 --> 00:38:50.911
So over here,
these individuals are taller,

7989f2ff-25ee-499a-8633-e63ca163d3a4-1
00:38:50.911 --> 00:38:54.789
they have less hairs,
individual or species on this side have

7989f2ff-25ee-499a-8633-e63ca163d3a4-2
00:38:54.789 --> 00:38:58.104
more hairs,
and then these are going to be a species

7989f2ff-25ee-499a-8633-e63ca163d3a4-3
00:38:58.104 --> 00:38:59.480
that are much smaller.

708d9b9b-2a4b-4f5e-bac8-15d079a6db5f-0
00:38:59.480 --> 00:39:03.507
So if we visualize this,
the species that fall out here,

708d9b9b-2a4b-4f5e-bac8-15d079a6db5f-1
00:39:03.507 --> 00:39:08.029
these four species are all about this big
purple pitcher plant,

708d9b9b-2a4b-4f5e-bac8-15d079a6db5f-2
00:39:08.029 --> 00:39:11.280
or they lay flat on the ground like this
one.

1e621f80-6914-46cb-9bbc-6b6db330e830-0
00:39:11.280 --> 00:39:12.240
See this wing here.

be196875-70a9-48f1-b32b-3c6bf73de67f-0
00:39:12.720 --> 00:39:13.880
So they're really small.

c3600100-4253-407f-877b-dd71c2763878-0
00:39:13.880 --> 00:39:15.480
They have lots of hair on the outside.

768760d5-8f1f-4bc7-a882-98e5a3ad42e0-0
00:39:15.480 --> 00:39:16.720
They usually have a bigger wing.

0c2fc535-b104-4148-be8a-c36f88b9ccad-0
00:39:17.320 --> 00:39:19.520
So they're down there at the bottom,
clustered together.

629b760c-38fd-4581-83af-c300b59166ac-0
00:39:21.560 --> 00:39:24.120
These ones up here are kind of our mid
level species.

f7bfd347-f185-4a89-b93a-b749636b248d-0
00:39:24.120 --> 00:39:26.843
So they're taller,
they're standing upright,

f7bfd347-f185-4a89-b93a-b749636b248d-1
00:39:26.843 --> 00:39:28.840
but they're not very tall, right?

9ebf8b5a-6010-4175-9869-a7c2617e5e6e-0
00:39:28.840 --> 00:39:32.039
So they have the trichomes on the outside,
they're mid level height,

9ebf8b5a-6010-4175-9869-a7c2617e5e6e-1
00:39:32.039 --> 00:39:32.920
that type of thing.

bc9b0919-ea8a-4217-bcb6-03c3490c7472-0
00:39:34.440 --> 00:39:37.320
These ones over here are the plants that
can get about this tall.

96c63e02-0e36-4751-878f-0a2cdcc15419-0
00:39:38.000 --> 00:39:39.760
So they all group together.

71c48969-edf4-4479-b630-056176f66dc9-0
00:39:40.040 --> 00:39:44.505
They all are very tall and they all are
missing the hairs on the outside of the

71c48969-edf4-4479-b630-056176f66dc9-1
00:39:44.505 --> 00:39:44.840
plant.

69d550c6-f064-429e-a0b5-df6161deb999-0
00:39:45.200 --> 00:39:47.320
And that wing is virtually absent.

8b62ef29-2355-47a5-9f62-64fb1771e861-0
00:39:47.320 --> 00:39:49.360
You don't even see it on these tall
pitchers.

a1d2338a-cf4b-453b-982c-6f8fd7ff8e86-0
00:39:49.360 --> 00:39:51.725
So again,
these are leaves and you don't even see

a1d2338a-cf4b-453b-982c-6f8fd7ff8e86-1
00:39:51.725 --> 00:39:53.240
that that wing on there anymore.

cbc8933a-2190-4e09-ab2e-b2b9e4a58640-0
00:39:56.520 --> 00:39:58.640
So do those traits we see that they're
now correlated?

75e4d0c6-d78b-4661-a939-675ba9190149-0
00:39:58.640 --> 00:40:01.736
Do we see difference in prey from the
tall species,

75e4d0c6-d78b-4661-a939-675ba9190149-1
00:40:01.736 --> 00:40:03.880
the mid level and the small species?

396934e8-a6eb-4d76-b06c-eee6a93a58c0-0
00:40:06.080 --> 00:40:10.840
And so here's the phylogenetic tree,
and here's our prey items represented as

396934e8-a6eb-4d76-b06c-eee6a93a58c0-1
00:40:10.840 --> 00:40:12.000
just pictures here.

46bce2bf-c584-4279-880a-e1808f29fb14-0
00:40:12.520 --> 00:40:13.520
This is a heat map.

9360469e-a3c1-410d-8e60-4492d98d88eb-0
00:40:13.520 --> 00:40:17.793
So anywhere there's like a bright red
tells you that this species,

9360469e-a3c1-410d-8e60-4492d98d88eb-1
00:40:17.793 --> 00:40:22.640
so this is the short pitcher plant
species is eating primarily ants, right?

2dfdc8c2-d2b7-44e9-8abf-24267558e529-0
00:40:23.120 --> 00:40:26.894
These are the short species up here,
primarily ants,

2dfdc8c2-d2b7-44e9-8abf-24267558e529-1
00:40:26.894 --> 00:40:28.960
a lot of these other species.

f6700220-5f55-4748-9036-cf14dad35a71-0
00:40:28.960 --> 00:40:34.344
So the flying prey, so a wasp,
other bugs like lacewings, flies, moths,

f6700220-5f55-4748-9036-cf14dad35a71-1
00:40:34.344 --> 00:40:35.840
those type of thing.

e7a41ff6-9721-4699-8013-cc06286e11dc-0
00:40:35.840 --> 00:40:40.374
We're seeing them in the taller species
and down here in the taller mid level

e7a41ff6-9721-4699-8013-cc06286e11dc-1
00:40:40.374 --> 00:40:40.840
species.

f074d435-8667-4d72-be7f-ebdd093f828c-0
00:40:42.520 --> 00:40:45.280
And in the fall this is even more
striking.

26af28d4-17b2-4d6e-a506-8ccab4444a35-0
00:40:45.600 --> 00:40:48.755
So if you think about it, in the spring,
most moths, butterflies,

26af28d4-17b2-4d6e-a506-8ccab4444a35-1
00:40:48.755 --> 00:40:51.720
they're in the larva stage,
they're in the Caterpillar stage.

6f7cf0fa-3891-4a13-9628-44c14372683a-0
00:40:52.040 --> 00:40:54.760
Now we've got more flying insects in the
fall.

35e412c6-21b2-47fe-85c6-06ff0f8599bd-0
00:40:55.120 --> 00:41:00.678
And this is where you see a huge majority
of these flying prey are found in some of

35e412c6-21b2-47fe-85c6-06ff0f8599bd-1
00:41:00.678 --> 00:41:04.120
the taller species out here in the
shorter species.

b53ac8d9-1436-4ab7-b928-6ac8b5edcb27-0
00:41:04.120 --> 00:41:06.480
Those ones who are in the corner still
have a lot of ants.

47fe3ab0-aafc-4114-adf6-48bfafe24d2a-0
00:41:08.320 --> 00:41:12.207
So let's visualize this even easier
because I know it's a lot of of stuff

47fe3ab0-aafc-4114-adf6-48bfafe24d2a-1
00:41:12.207 --> 00:41:12.680
going on.

c6e2ddca-049b-4cee-8e1d-015538bfe345-0
00:41:12.680 --> 00:41:14.440
So we're going to break them up into
categories.

c3e0c0a9-bcc0-4459-b77b-b1541535287e-0
00:41:14.840 --> 00:41:17.977
So I'm going to break up the flying prey
into this category,

c3e0c0a9-bcc0-4459-b77b-b1541535287e-1
00:41:17.977 --> 00:41:19.880
the crawling prey into this category.

cfb25253-5026-41be-9546-3553d4cbd28f-0
00:41:19.880 --> 00:41:21.680
And then we have kind of others which can
do both.

c53aa465-5e50-4f5d-b5bf-15f62f9be2ed-0
00:41:24.040 --> 00:41:29.280
So if we take our tree and these colors
represent the leaf traits.

8ebe48ed-6f8c-4411-923b-183890b42c09-0
00:41:29.280 --> 00:41:34.520
So anything in blue are our short picture
plants with a lot of hairs on the outside.

7ded978e-8d60-4789-9a96-be670a5fc40e-0
00:41:35.240 --> 00:41:40.160
Anything in like greenish blue are our
mid level plants.

cd690834-573d-44f5-a6e4-f4211deb0e28-0
00:41:40.160 --> 00:41:42.560
So this is one that's kind of this mid
level.

a2e4fd5a-c791-4b0b-9f92-7a7f76b1cc8d-0
00:41:42.760 --> 00:41:44.720
Here's our Serasinia minor,
the other mid level.

3af6478b-0bce-4df3-83a7-d4a7a16f2cc9-0
00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:50.093
And then anything with red and yellow are
going to be our tall pitcher plants,

3af6478b-0bce-4df3-83a7-d4a7a16f2cc9-1
00:41:50.093 --> 00:41:50.480
right?

4bb8b1cf-909b-4533-bf4f-6ee0259a13ee-0
00:41:50.480 --> 00:41:53.520
So we have color-coded our heights,
these traits.

63ac2962-b1f4-48ff-ada5-0365ab86e1aa-0
00:41:53.520 --> 00:41:57.600
So let's take our three categories and
compare them.

c2522882-3e77-4ee7-bcba-e607802fcb10-0
00:41:58.400 --> 00:42:00.441
OK,
So the circle size represents how much

c2522882-3e77-4ee7-bcba-e607802fcb10-1
00:42:00.441 --> 00:42:02.720
they're eating of that different prey
category.

1e0d7b7b-9507-459f-b9c8-a4c4cffcc937-0
00:42:04.400 --> 00:42:07.224
And again,
what you see when we visualize it,

1e0d7b7b-9507-459f-b9c8-a4c4cffcc937-1
00:42:07.224 --> 00:42:10.663
short pitcher plants are eating short or
crawling prey,

1e0d7b7b-9507-459f-b9c8-a4c4cffcc937-2
00:42:10.663 --> 00:42:15.452
taller pitcher plants are eating more
flying prey and these mid level species

1e0d7b7b-9507-459f-b9c8-a4c4cffcc937-3
00:42:15.452 --> 00:42:18.400
are kind of eating a little bit of both,
right.

6ff9aa3b-a873-405c-a61a-17995dba5ad5-0
00:42:19.240 --> 00:42:22.613
And when we run the statistics on that,
sure enough,

6ff9aa3b-a873-405c-a61a-17995dba5ad5-1
00:42:22.613 --> 00:42:27.322
we do get significant relationships
between traits with the crawling prey

6ff9aa3b-a873-405c-a61a-17995dba5ad5-2
00:42:27.322 --> 00:42:30.314
across almost all seasons except for this
one,

6ff9aa3b-a873-405c-a61a-17995dba5ad5-3
00:42:30.314 --> 00:42:33.560
and then again flying prey across all the
seasons.

6e712218-7fd1-43bc-8cbf-dbdc4f4152f2-0
00:42:33.560 --> 00:42:37.343
So there does seem to be a relationship
between the traits and the prey that

6e712218-7fd1-43bc-8cbf-dbdc4f4152f2-1
00:42:37.343 --> 00:42:38.080
they're eating.

7d6ed72f-a8e3-4b25-9502-8f0814b17e50-0
00:42:41.560 --> 00:42:44.998
So there's other traits that I didn't
include, but there are a lot of things,

7d6ed72f-a8e3-4b25-9502-8f0814b17e50-1
00:42:44.998 --> 00:42:48.480
a lot of things we could still test and
there's a lot of places we can go with

7d6ed72f-a8e3-4b25-9502-8f0814b17e50-2
00:42:48.480 --> 00:42:50.640
this and keep continuing asking questions
about.

d1dcf8ad-10b2-4923-ba2e-5c9272cf69ab-0
00:42:51.080 --> 00:42:55.388
So I didn't look at colour mostly because
these, the original ones,

d1dcf8ad-10b2-4923-ba2e-5c9272cf69ab-1
00:42:55.388 --> 00:42:57.480
they were exactly the same color.

b5297f26-2ab6-4be3-be6c-1da52d296cf9-0
00:42:57.480 --> 00:43:00.560
It was more about the structures on the
outside.

4a1939ae-ca1d-4453-9283-5b586cdcc86b-0
00:43:00.560 --> 00:43:02.480
So that's why I didn't really investigate
color.

68ee4b8f-15af-4c37-9d57-3a58ce7d6891-0
00:43:02.480 --> 00:43:03.920
And it's hard to quantify color.

4546f70b-3a14-43ea-98c0-8d77b3c80512-0
00:43:04.440 --> 00:43:07.845
And then there's been a couple other
papers where they looked at like Purpura

4546f70b-3a14-43ea-98c0-8d77b3c80512-1
00:43:07.845 --> 00:43:11.337
has a lot of different color variation
and that doesn't seem to have any effect

4546f70b-3a14-43ea-98c0-8d77b3c80512-2
00:43:11.337 --> 00:43:12.079
on what they eat.

f25007c9-927f-46ca-b170-6a92110a52bc-0
00:43:12.440 --> 00:43:15.094
So I avoided color,
but there still might be some signaling

f25007c9-927f-46ca-b170-6a92110a52bc-1
00:43:15.094 --> 00:43:15.360
there.

adbcb98b-479f-4d0d-8e33-be421de474dc-0
00:43:15.960 --> 00:43:19.609
Nectar,
I mentioned that they have these sugar

adbcb98b-479f-4d0d-8e33-be421de474dc-1
00:43:19.609 --> 00:43:25.200
stashes, but near the mouth,
some species have a lot, some not so much.

9d075f7f-0f2a-4e03-a18c-83a484f9a84c-0
00:43:25.200 --> 00:43:27.810
So that might be playing a role in what's
attracting,

9d075f7f-0f2a-4e03-a18c-83a484f9a84c-1
00:43:27.810 --> 00:43:29.840
like what kind of prey they're attracting.

daeb28b1-725b-4b76-851b-e23fd3592d08-0
00:43:29.840 --> 00:43:30.880
So I didn't measure that.

5f943f1e-1b34-4126-b1dc-cf05694dc592-0
00:44:13.240 --> 00:44:16.410
Other these the group together,
so this one,

5f943f1e-1b34-4126-b1dc-cf05694dc592-1
00:44:16.410 --> 00:44:22.258
the white top pitcher plant and Serasenia
flava, they when you smell this species,

5f943f1e-1b34-4126-b1dc-cf05694dc592-2
00:44:22.258 --> 00:44:25.640
particularly the leaf,
it's like it's the leaf.

33b73b86-c102-4b3a-ab9e-000ad9c752b8-0
00:44:25.920 --> 00:44:28.560
It smells like a bouquet of flowers.

92236d2d-b187-4292-b303-7467ef083e4f-0
00:44:29.080 --> 00:44:30.840
It smells really strong, like roses.

0a10616d-5d38-4ead-81ba-764e9454d993-0
00:44:30.840 --> 00:44:34.840
It's very attractive smell and they tend
to get a lot of butterflies.

3493269b-b56e-4083-9268-44716fdcb506-0
00:44:35.160 --> 00:44:37.840
So I think that is playing a huge role in
what they're eating.

b844978c-a633-4d37-a35a-fadc385801a6-0
00:44:38.400 --> 00:44:39.440
This species.

71b7db75-2142-4543-9631-6b6161cdfb88-0
00:44:41.040 --> 00:44:42.760
Some people say it smells like cat urine.

586fd1ad-4bba-428c-ba98-44322589c89a-0
00:44:42.960 --> 00:44:45.240
I can't really tell that I don't have a
cat, so I don't know.

b36f59bc-6eab-459d-aa76-a69b72108e1c-0
00:44:45.560 --> 00:44:49.200
But that one does have a distinct smell
and that might be playing a role.

2fd84d92-a7bf-46e7-a845-b3881e776356-0
00:44:49.200 --> 00:44:52.891
And also what they're eating,
which is a lot more like Wasps and bee

2fd84d92-a7bf-46e7-a845-b3881e776356-1
00:44:52.891 --> 00:44:53.320
species.

079c7820-2f8d-4cbd-9aa7-bd711dbbd965-0
00:44:53.680 --> 00:44:58.320
And this little red part here that you'll
see like sugar glistening on it as well.

fd57e3b0-c740-4965-a0fc-6640ff2cbe8a-0
00:44:58.600 --> 00:45:04.448
So these two have a lot of smells to them,
a lot of like floral kind of hints of of

fd57e3b0-c740-4965-a0fc-6640ff2cbe8a-1
00:45:04.448 --> 00:45:06.120
flower smells down here.

fe225a16-a343-4609-be07-b4ff2b1393ff-0
00:45:06.120 --> 00:45:08.560
This species doesn't really have a smell
at all.

051f5a2c-03f1-4fa9-90e2-8b9eaf327f9f-0
00:45:08.560 --> 00:45:11.055
Again, this is the low pitcher plant,
if you're thinking about it,

051f5a2c-03f1-4fa9-90e2-8b9eaf327f9f-1
00:45:11.055 --> 00:45:11.800
they're eating ants.

1cad42ab-15b2-4caf-9c18-6598847a5cdb-0
00:45:12.240 --> 00:45:15.000
Ants don't seem to be quite as readily.

df873da1-0a6c-4f95-8830-eed642e15ad5-0
00:45:15.320 --> 00:45:17.120
You go smelling things like butterflies.

ce8f9f71-9efb-40dd-89fb-2d02d201b587-0
00:45:17.120 --> 00:45:18.480
Butterflies have those antennas.

c7d66632-7fe0-478e-8729-96ba053fcbc6-0
00:45:18.720 --> 00:45:21.080
They're really picking up scent in the
environment.

d610a8d8-5f8e-4dd3-9157-134b54d284bd-0
00:45:21.360 --> 00:45:25.200
So maybe if there's not selection for
those floral scents in that species.

f6c51a60-e802-4549-be0a-31b3e138cfe4-0
00:45:25.200 --> 00:45:29.005
So that one doesn't really have much
smell and this one smells like green,

f6c51a60-e802-4549-be0a-31b3e138cfe4-1
00:45:29.005 --> 00:45:30.680
green grass that's just been cut.

5a5ee47f-3665-4c35-8c25-ab22a9e51459-0
00:45:31.600 --> 00:45:35.581
Again, mid level species,
maybe it relies more on crawling prey so

5a5ee47f-3665-4c35-8c25-ab22a9e51459-1
00:45:35.581 --> 00:45:37.840
it doesn't need the the smell so much.

5674b196-a7fa-4c40-b484-347950f6dc56-0
00:45:38.200 --> 00:45:40.120
But again, these are just four species.

ac81d05d-6983-499a-843a-49add4cbe1b6-0
00:45:40.120 --> 00:45:42.280
So I've always been interested across all
species.

fed64bb4-ef00-4943-aa0b-a19226922083-0
00:45:42.280 --> 00:45:45.760
Do we see kind of differences in the
sense that they're giving off?

1d896ee7-ae15-494a-852d-6d2439c72d6a-0
00:45:48.080 --> 00:45:50.101
So yes,
there does seem to be some prey

1d896ee7-ae15-494a-852d-6d2439c72d6a-1
00:45:50.101 --> 00:45:53.840
specialisation there and there's a lot
more questions to ask around this.

b6c408d2-5335-454d-9ada-55388c2a15ef-0
00:45:55.280 --> 00:45:59.901
So now I'm going to talk briefly about my
research that I did during my Masters on

b6c408d2-5335-454d-9ada-55388c2a15ef-1
00:45:59.901 --> 00:46:03.800
pitcher plant obligate arthropods,
particularly a pitcher plant moth.

703e6e01-ddf2-41b6-87dd-bdf7e3375645-0
00:46:04.440 --> 00:46:09.016
So we think of their interactions with
these plants or like insect interactions

703e6e01-ddf2-41b6-87dd-bdf7e3375645-1
00:46:09.016 --> 00:46:09.760
as just prey.

df3b8553-9d23-4ee4-84f3-5f6ef2754f22-0
00:46:10.240 --> 00:46:16.358
But some of these insects actually make a
home and a living inside of the plant

df3b8553-9d23-4ee4-84f3-5f6ef2754f22-1
00:46:16.358 --> 00:46:17.200
themselves.

043d7d5c-b8ad-4a53-86f0-6557c894b65c-0
00:46:17.680 --> 00:46:20.547
So a couple of these species,
these two moths,

043d7d5c-b8ad-4a53-86f0-6557c894b65c-1
00:46:20.547 --> 00:46:22.560
they live with the pitcher plant.

9f7eed93-a15a-47fe-bcee-ce9f521c1780-0
00:46:22.560 --> 00:46:24.560
They live their whole life cycle in the
plant.

535cb268-cbb6-4900-b98b-1c6275b45648-0
00:46:25.280 --> 00:46:25.800
The.

d7065d7b-bcd5-4e77-8ce8-36029a2baf84-0
00:47:12.400 --> 00:47:14.000
And it was on the pitcher plants.

05bc96d7-234e-4b4b-8efb-b8374ce4c28c-0
00:47:14.320 --> 00:47:20.280
So my master's advisor and I sat out in
bogs and just watched to see what we find.

6bb33708-0894-4748-b4b6-c0d296f743db-0
00:47:20.720 --> 00:47:27.281
And what we found is that the moth will
lay an egg about like 2 inches into the

6bb33708-0894-4748-b4b6-c0d296f743db-1
00:47:27.281 --> 00:47:28.840
plant in the mouth.

63572a56-0172-44be-9850-835101554cda-0
00:47:28.840 --> 00:47:30.800
And here's a picture of that egg.

0476eddd-66c3-4e3c-833e-04190cfe953f-0
00:47:30.800 --> 00:47:33.560
And it takes about 12 days to actually
hatch.

20d7b0c9-d1cf-4021-88ff-8e10af0de3bf-0
00:47:34.760 --> 00:47:36.920
It goes through the first second instar
larvae.

f62bad54-2c07-488c-b125-ba654140a4f3-0
00:47:36.920 --> 00:47:38.680
So they'll shed their skin and get larger.

6df52d1b-6fa9-41f3-8ac1-e7e5257ee1a2-0
00:47:38.920 --> 00:47:41.977
But what this one does,
and it's hard to see here is it chews a

6df52d1b-6fa9-41f3-8ac1-e7e5257ee1a2-1
00:47:41.977 --> 00:47:45.655
little ring around the inside of the
plant and then the the top of the plant

6df52d1b-6fa9-41f3-8ac1-e7e5257ee1a2-2
00:47:45.655 --> 00:47:47.280
just folds over so it protects it.

0f608847-1d95-4d66-b142-64e66f84f523-0
00:47:47.280 --> 00:47:48.560
It's like in a little cocoon.

ff559d10-db92-4271-a931-2a1af260c55a-0
00:47:48.920 --> 00:47:50.000
So this is what it looks like.

24c69378-a766-4534-928e-910ad52145d2-0
00:47:50.000 --> 00:47:54.005
It made a ring and then it sealed it up
basically so it can feed in there without

24c69378-a766-4534-928e-910ad52145d2-1
00:47:54.005 --> 00:47:55.520
getting eaten by anything else.

dacffce4-4eb8-4579-adc4-2f5bfb3702b5-0
00:47:56.600 --> 00:47:58.360
So it stays in that for about 12 days.

c6e4a3dd-0db1-4c27-9f58-d2b8863299c0-0
00:47:58.640 --> 00:48:00.840
And there's the tiny little larva.

f250c8e9-2aa9-417d-8e62-c28151b5f1eb-0
00:48:01.440 --> 00:48:05.912
Then in the 3rd and 5th instar stage,
it'll migrate from one pitcher to a new

f250c8e9-2aa9-417d-8e62-c28151b5f1eb-1
00:48:05.912 --> 00:48:07.920
one, and it starts to look beefier.

06ec8b1e-b306-4d59-bdb5-1e4c89c0873f-0
00:48:08.160 --> 00:48:12.568
It's got these little hairs that kind of
stick out, and if you startle it,

06ec8b1e-b306-4d59-bdb5-1e4c89c0873f-1
00:48:12.568 --> 00:48:13.920
it falls into the trap.

459642a4-97e7-409a-98f4-988c989be813-0
00:48:14.320 --> 00:48:15.000
But those little.

72a75db7-9f47-4d9a-bebb-42de1c688385-0
00:50:10.920 --> 00:50:16.480
These sites that were isolated had no
none of these like moths there.

061084c6-c3df-4b8a-b072-e8c038de3ac9-0
00:50:17.320 --> 00:50:20.206
There have been reports in the 90s that
they were there,

061084c6-c3df-4b8a-b072-e8c038de3ac9-1
00:50:20.206 --> 00:50:24.106
but they've been completely extirpated
probably because of how we manage the

061084c6-c3df-4b8a-b072-e8c038de3ac9-2
00:50:24.106 --> 00:50:24.360
bogs.

bd5be858-5d18-4753-aabb-ee9f8376ccca-0
00:50:24.360 --> 00:50:27.360
They burn in the winter instead of the
summer, which is usual.

b4d7df8e-767a-493d-886d-51561c2fcee6-0
00:50:27.680 --> 00:50:31.652
So they've probably burned the bogs and
also burned out like that pitcher plant

b4d7df8e-767a-493d-886d-51561c2fcee6-1
00:50:31.652 --> 00:50:33.440
moth during its overwintering stage.

3ed22794-100e-45f4-a8c8-700af4fd9eeb-0
00:50:34.480 --> 00:50:39.724
So these are locations where you have
this Saracenia alvidemsis that's only

3ed22794-100e-45f4-a8c8-700af4fd9eeb-1
00:50:39.724 --> 00:50:44.899
found in two counties in Alabama and on
the other endangered pitcher plant

3ed22794-100e-45f4-a8c8-700af4fd9eeb-2
00:50:44.899 --> 00:50:48.073
species,
Oreophila that's only found in these

3ed22794-100e-45f4-a8c8-700af4fd9eeb-3
00:50:48.073 --> 00:50:51.800
isolated bogs up in North Georgia and
North Carolina.

16abd8cf-79f1-4400-ad52-702b49466791-0
00:50:52.200 --> 00:50:54.320
So these moths associates are missing.

aeeccf7f-cbdb-46f2-a10f-94a45361901c-0
00:50:54.480 --> 00:50:58.185
So it's kind of begs the question of how
are we managing these plants and are we

aeeccf7f-cbdb-46f2-a10f-94a45361901c-1
00:50:58.185 --> 00:51:01.798
doing a good job including all of the
associates that are with these plants or

aeeccf7f-cbdb-46f2-a10f-94a45361901c-2
00:51:01.798 --> 00:51:04.040
is this a healthy community that we're
managing?

1be591e4-ecc2-4e7b-88f5-a86a767f0236-0
00:51:06.280 --> 00:51:10.192
So that's a little background on their,
one of their pitcher plant moth,

1be591e4-ecc2-4e7b-88f5-a86a767f0236-1
00:51:10.192 --> 00:51:11.640
like one of the associates.

016c11fa-ec97-488f-a805-5102f24ebb8b-0
00:51:11.640 --> 00:51:15.760
So overwinters is a larva and it's
missing in isolated populations.

4d1f0854-f0d8-4c81-8067-01197c4e98ff-0
00:51:17.560 --> 00:51:21.760
So the last thing I just want to say is
that in Darwin's time, right,

4d1f0854-f0d8-4c81-8067-01197c4e98ff-1
00:51:21.760 --> 00:51:25.480
there wasn't a worry about threatened and
endangered species.

08c7c260-06fb-4b1d-a330-03763b10a85e-0
00:51:26.040 --> 00:51:29.520
But Darwin's time is largely why we have
a lot of it threatened endangered species.

036bd0f9-2bbc-4a13-88d1-ad4804590767-0
00:51:29.520 --> 00:51:31.480
They were poaching plants like crazy.

d985da01-45a9-413e-beab-f4ce0e0a2a2f-0
00:51:32.000 --> 00:51:36.267
They were collecting plants without
really thinking about conservation ethic

d985da01-45a9-413e-beab-f4ce0e0a2a2f-1
00:51:36.267 --> 00:51:37.320
around that, right.

e31cd1c3-4b9c-463b-86fa-e5aac38fdfa3-0
00:51:37.800 --> 00:51:41.394
And what we're seeing,
and I say Darwin's most wonderful plants,

e31cd1c3-4b9c-463b-86fa-e5aac38fdfa3-1
00:51:41.394 --> 00:51:45.928
that's what he called the Venus flytrap,
the most wonderful plant when we look at

e31cd1c3-4b9c-463b-86fa-e5aac38fdfa3-2
00:51:45.928 --> 00:51:47.199
all carnivorous plants.

d498c7c8-958f-43ef-9662-6e4841ec91da-0
00:51:47.200 --> 00:51:51.571
So this paper said 860 critically
endangered is in red,

d498c7c8-958f-43ef-9662-6e4841ec91da-1
00:51:51.571 --> 00:51:55.240
orange is endangered,
vulnerable is in yellow.

eb77b7ff-497a-4fbd-a3b3-27a8cad7f09e-0
00:51:55.440 --> 00:52:01.492
So we have quite a few, you know,
over 100 or 200 species that are fitting

eb77b7ff-497a-4fbd-a3b3-27a8cad7f09e-1
00:52:01.492 --> 00:52:04.640
in this threatened endangered category.

7caf753b-3d0f-4816-a64e-e5ee6ac33206-0
00:52:05.600 --> 00:52:08.619
When we look at the different groups,
we see Nepenthes,

7caf753b-3d0f-4816-a64e-e5ee6ac33206-1
00:52:08.619 --> 00:52:12.124
my the Southeast pitcher plants,
a lot of them are endangered or

7caf753b-3d0f-4816-a64e-e5ee6ac33206-2
00:52:12.124 --> 00:52:14.120
critically endangered and threatened.

afc0251d-a6fe-4321-9973-f377449cca06-0
00:52:15.080 --> 00:52:17.640
Serasinia, that's the North American one.

40aa352d-2db0-4f5b-b754-76322713d95f-0
00:52:17.640 --> 00:52:18.760
We have quite a few.

8978c287-1437-4533-9a01-d357fd01936a-0
00:52:19.080 --> 00:52:23.850
So we're seeing a lot of concern around
these plants being endangered and

8978c287-1437-4533-9a01-d357fd01936a-1
00:52:23.850 --> 00:52:24.560
threatened.

49008f0e-a648-40cb-b938-96e78f540c4f-0
00:52:24.960 --> 00:52:26.680
A lot of it has to do with poaching.

938e8bdb-83ae-416e-a401-bc3173e61b1d-0
00:52:27.240 --> 00:52:29.400
Venus flytraps are heavily poached.

41216cd7-a819-4396-9908-a981c66b237f-0
00:52:29.600 --> 00:52:33.714
There's basically the the folks in North
Carolina won't even let you into the bogs

41216cd7-a819-4396-9908-a981c66b237f-1
00:52:33.714 --> 00:52:37.481
unless they know you're a researcher
because they people have come out with

41216cd7-a819-4396-9908-a981c66b237f-2
00:52:37.481 --> 00:52:39.960
like garbage bags full of Venus flytraps
to sell.

0b6791d3-67b1-49ba-b91d-a501e81e4e57-0
00:52:40.760 --> 00:52:42.160
So poaching's a big issue.

d84b3de8-fae2-487e-b00f-f862a2ed3574-0
00:52:42.840 --> 00:52:46.804
Pitcher plants will go out into a bog and
there's holes where people have been

d84b3de8-fae2-487e-b00f-f862a2ed3574-1
00:52:46.804 --> 00:52:50.618
digging and selling these plants on
various things like Amazon or something

d84b3de8-fae2-487e-b00f-f862a2ed3574-2
00:52:50.618 --> 00:52:51.120
like that.

2d4061d8-c1e4-4cc3-934f-a660bd0d5ebc-0
00:52:51.800 --> 00:52:55.000
So that's a big issue,
habitat destruction.

de935059-0580-410d-8992-d31f4cbf76fe-0
00:52:55.320 --> 00:52:57.809
So again,
these are in nutrient poor habitats that

de935059-0580-410d-8992-d31f4cbf76fe-1
00:52:57.809 --> 00:52:58.200
are wet.

077425f0-3b3d-4645-b1d6-202be93a0f96-0
00:52:58.400 --> 00:53:02.986
So people will drain kind of change the
landscape will drain the bogs essentially,

077425f0-3b3d-4645-b1d6-202be93a0f96-1
00:53:02.986 --> 00:53:06.800
or nutrient runoff from farms will
completely wipe out a population.

aff8ad56-6500-400f-bee1-f8355dc206d0-0
00:53:07.280 --> 00:53:10.840
Other problems are that these plants need
to be in open sunny areas.

11597251-3424-44d0-895f-159930f60b7c-0
00:53:10.920 --> 00:53:14.692
So if we don't manage those areas and
make sure that there's not trees

11597251-3424-44d0-895f-159930f60b7c-1
00:53:14.692 --> 00:53:18.358
encroaching on them because when shade
hits these these populations,

11597251-3424-44d0-895f-159930f60b7c-2
00:53:18.358 --> 00:53:21.440
they also need full sun that will have an
effect on them.

80c0ccbd-d7c7-4e49-abff-604634508ea6-0
00:53:22.040 --> 00:53:24.440
And I just want to end with showing a
picture.

86288dc1-53cb-435f-bd72-347ca075603f-0
00:53:24.440 --> 00:53:27.720
This is endless bog in Mississippi, 1979.

6cfa0bcc-7072-4a45-94e6-3db6dea437ae-0
00:53:27.720 --> 00:53:29.720
So this is my master's advisor's photo.

75efd029-d08d-40a2-a45a-348c081721a8-0
00:53:30.400 --> 00:53:36.000
We went back to this bog that's not
managed or owned by anybody.

cef013ec-e583-4c80-b6ac-6b8101b0d3ba-0
00:53:36.640 --> 00:53:37.840
This is that bog now.

87a64d60-0519-4d57-b319-4c523a72a689-0
00:53:39.200 --> 00:53:42.132
So we see this encroachment of woody
sweetgum,

87a64d60-0519-4d57-b319-4c523a72a689-1
00:53:42.132 --> 00:53:45.440
that type of thing completely changed the
landscape.

22b9e5cb-337d-4599-9022-557a0c6837ff-0
00:53:45.680 --> 00:53:47.600
And we're seeing this all over the
Southeast.

9570eefc-db63-4e83-92ea-60a3d40d62c7-0
00:53:49.280 --> 00:53:53.185
So now, you know, since Darwin,
not only are we interested in the

9570eefc-db63-4e83-92ea-60a3d40d62c7-1
00:53:53.185 --> 00:53:56.854
questions of carnivore,
we're also interested in research and

9570eefc-db63-4e83-92ea-60a3d40d62c7-2
00:53:56.854 --> 00:53:57.920
management, right?

08dec126-99c3-4324-a0f2-f2e4174887a9-0
00:53:58.280 --> 00:54:01.800
So there's been a lot of focus on
population genetics,

08dec126-99c3-4324-a0f2-f2e4174887a9-1
00:54:01.800 --> 00:54:06.280
thinking about how do we conserve
populations with genetic diversity.

b80e762a-5345-4a1c-b0cb-712c6790d22e-0
00:54:06.720 --> 00:54:08.040
So these are a couple examples.

9d44fede-27a6-4d87-8336-b29e3387451a-0
00:54:08.360 --> 00:54:13.363
My student and I went out and we assessed
the Alabama populations 25 years after

9d44fede-27a6-4d87-8336-b29e3387451a-1
00:54:13.363 --> 00:54:18.120
the last assessment and there's only like
4 populations that are manageable.

1ea97e01-077c-4fdf-a896-fa7995a9c68b-0
00:54:18.720 --> 00:54:21.560
So most of the populations we went to
only had two individuals.

727c5591-de03-4107-82d2-3d9dbc356591-0
00:54:22.040 --> 00:54:23.600
So we're seeing this this happen.

41eb96a3-66cc-44d7-babf-338e1d7834b7-0
00:54:23.840 --> 00:54:25.800
And now these are the directions our
questions go.

df4c0b5c-d168-48e1-8ac8-aa7c6a0c9774-0
00:54:27.520 --> 00:54:30.355
So with that,
I just want to acknowledge my funding and

df4c0b5c-d168-48e1-8ac8-aa7c6a0c9774-1
00:54:30.355 --> 00:54:32.280
some folks that I worked with on this.

9cc65d88-736b-46e1-a9f5-655e51a72f80-0
00:54:32.280 --> 00:54:37.240
And I'm leaving this open with questions
for with this quote from Darwin.

b6b8f70f-2942-48ab-bcc2-dacf328f0be4-0
00:54:37.240 --> 00:54:40.840
This is one of my favorite ones from So
simple A beginning.

9be002b6-a071-48bc-9a04-38a41148f5ab-0
00:54:40.840 --> 00:54:43.586
Endless forms,
most beautiful and most wonderful have

9be002b6-a071-48bc-9a04-38a41148f5ab-1
00:54:43.586 --> 00:54:44.960
been and are being evolved.

92c1a924-5838-42a6-90dd-cd72085aa10d-0
00:54:45.160 --> 00:54:46.600
So I'll take any questions.

6f2c20aa-ed04-4579-8762-f63d1ec6af33-0
00:54:51.280 --> 00:54:52.880
I have not seen that.

8b8dc318-71f9-4db2-8119-6f18d647bb67-0
00:54:53.600 --> 00:54:56.600
I've only seen them usually like in I
don't know if I do.

b0c4e5a6-f3b5-4c2f-8f7f-3bbd2bc1cf36-0
00:54:56.600 --> 00:55:00.379
The only time I,
I don't know much about parasitic plants,

b0c4e5a6-f3b5-4c2f-8f7f-3bbd2bc1cf36-1
00:55:00.379 --> 00:55:03.518
but I,
I seen them on near trees like I think of

b0c4e5a6-f3b5-4c2f-8f7f-3bbd2bc1cf36-2
00:55:03.518 --> 00:55:05.120
like the Indian pipe one.

25a16f06-ce76-462b-9895-1005b987aa11-0
00:55:06.000 --> 00:55:10.080
I have a friend at she was at Emory,
She's now at Berry College.

3f82015d-a7ac-47dd-8216-f6dab65b7a68-0
00:55:10.080 --> 00:55:15.365
She used to study parasitic plants and
look at how they need fire to like

3f82015d-a7ac-47dd-8216-f6dab65b7a68-1
00:55:15.365 --> 00:55:16.080
germinate.

8ce59187-5da1-4f3c-ba41-3d44bffbeff9-0
00:55:16.080 --> 00:55:18.085
So that was a big thing like if they get
this,

8ce59187-5da1-4f3c-ba41-3d44bffbeff9-1
00:55:18.085 --> 00:55:20.560
the compound that's in fire to germinate,
they need that.

ea4d5f30-e295-40b4-abc0-64ea449aa538-0
00:55:20.560 --> 00:55:23.900
So they're in fire,
you're prone habitats usually in pine

ea4d5f30-e295-40b4-abc0-64ea449aa538-1
00:55:23.900 --> 00:55:27.125
kind of forest where there's probably
more acidic soil,

ea4d5f30-e295-40b4-abc0-64ea449aa538-2
00:55:27.125 --> 00:55:30.120
but I've never seen them in nutrient poor
habitats.

c6ddddee-6d07-4a1a-bc10-2793654410b3-0
00:55:30.480 --> 00:55:31.520
Yeah, Yep.

75294df2-f63b-4685-8dd2-e63890539a77-0
00:55:34.560 --> 00:55:36.160
Do you have any tips for drugs?

4124d4a5-0fa9-4ed2-9653-d44a1fe908c7-0
00:55:36.600 --> 00:55:38.280
Because I've tried throwing them before.

1a61eb55-ab13-4f15-a48a-02e7dfd13ea4-0
00:55:38.680 --> 00:55:39.400
I have the solo noise.

a985d2b4-361e-4b76-99c7-ce77ae7e6f54-0
00:55:39.400 --> 00:55:40.920
I made a nutrient poor.

0c3f6c68-4721-4cd6-b059-0d8bfb76b2cc-0
00:55:41.400 --> 00:55:44.640
It's like still put in grows and it's
like, what am I?

df569e42-952c-496d-a479-03a039b2d6d1-0
00:55:46.120 --> 00:55:48.600
So I don't have a green thumb with these
guys.

c4d53d7d-8d35-46a3-bf56-20ae542daa3c-0
00:55:49.200 --> 00:55:53.240
But Jeremy, right, you have your plants,
so maybe you can comment on that.

97293cac-1cae-4132-b065-e2f8c609b03e-0
00:55:53.240 --> 00:55:55.324
So yeah,
there are plants up here that he brought

97293cac-1cae-4132-b065-e2f8c609b03e-1
00:55:55.324 --> 00:55:56.200
in for us to look at.

27b50a99-87d0-4ae6-b7ad-e18f52e72f5e-0
00:55:56.200 --> 00:55:57.800
So I don't know if you want to comment on
that.

56460ecc-1f86-4a26-97aa-c930df8fa1f6-0
00:56:00.000 --> 00:56:01.320
I mean, it depends on the species.

4bc67019-9dd2-4e66-95c6-e78f94707ab6-0
00:56:01.320 --> 00:56:03.360
There's so many species of Shandu, right?

6e5c410f-4371-46a9-8710-325740aa35f8-0
00:56:03.360 --> 00:56:06.240
Some of which need like a deciduous.

2c6029ac-d458-466e-a758-dc54c00f372e-0
00:56:06.240 --> 00:56:09.120
They need to be old and some are tropical.

16890c9d-aebc-4aff-8cbb-820029150c49-0
00:56:09.120 --> 00:56:11.120
So it really depends on the species that
have grown.

512f4f1c-02a3-473f-8518-e584ba0c0ab9-0
00:56:11.120 --> 00:56:15.495
You may have got the tropical one and
just not given that that winter dormancy

512f4f1c-02a3-473f-8518-e584ba0c0ab9-1
00:56:15.495 --> 00:56:16.160
and it dies.

cce4acf0-9c17-4287-acf9-dae90bf6b2ad-0
00:56:16.840 --> 00:56:20.040
Humidity is big and just distilled water
is how I grow all my universal.

24f8e2c9-d0c5-4093-a875-767b7b565f56-0
00:56:22.080 --> 00:56:22.280
Yeah.

b6640afa-15a3-44e4-bb3e-83b7c2ada55f-0
00:56:22.280 --> 00:56:25.788
And I've heard like, yeah,
distilled water is the key because faucet

b6640afa-15a3-44e4-bb3e-83b7c2ada55f-1
00:56:25.788 --> 00:56:28.840
water has too much stuff in it,
like fluoride and all that.

197b0692-2e22-4f41-b2a2-fc1098f280a9-0
00:56:29.120 --> 00:56:29.600
Yeah.

65ce5fab-e9b5-4cbe-89e7-2c1cbd7072b1-0
00:56:30.400 --> 00:56:30.800
Yeah.

08748615-1c96-4909-8fc2-511ed54dec1e-0
00:56:33.600 --> 00:56:34.320
Any other questions?

059534a4-3627-4050-a75f-7816d5ac30de-0
00:58:53.520 --> 00:58:54.560
What happened in the summer?

c1bcee0e-e7da-4196-891e-4d37234f93b0-0
00:58:54.560 --> 00:58:59.878
But because of the way we have like
houses nearby and all these other things,

c1bcee0e-e7da-4196-891e-4d37234f93b0-1
00:58:59.878 --> 00:59:05.196
a lot of land managers have decided to
burn closer to the winter because it's

c1bcee0e-e7da-4196-891e-4d37234f93b0-2
00:59:05.196 --> 00:59:06.560
just a little safer.

d6d2a252-34fa-4fc7-bbab-c52b025213b9-0
00:59:06.960 --> 00:59:08.440
They have to have the right conditions.

6bbc486d-01b4-4167-9a31-edcf1a0e02fb-0
00:59:08.440 --> 00:59:11.680
Wind,
all that kind of stuff has to be a low.

2a73e6e0-aff6-47cf-b62f-f254dd5563cb-0
00:59:11.680 --> 00:59:14.280
Like there's needs not to be any wind and
all that kind of a thing.

cb2e7259-5822-428b-99d6-958e952ceec6-0
00:59:14.480 --> 00:59:19.731
So they've been managing the bogs by
burning prescribed fires through the

cb2e7259-5822-428b-99d6-958e952ceec6-1
00:59:19.731 --> 00:59:21.080
habitats offseason.

fa12e293-9239-452a-a21f-9f0e37022d8f-0
00:59:21.760 --> 00:59:25.792
So the work I presented about the pitcher
plant moth I gave to a bunch of land

fa12e293-9239-452a-a21f-9f0e37022d8f-1
00:59:25.792 --> 00:59:29.518
managers and they were concerned that
they were burning out a lot of the

fa12e293-9239-452a-a21f-9f0e37022d8f-2
00:59:29.518 --> 00:59:30.080
associates.

8d223bd2-9a44-45f0-af6c-2983b9127146-0
00:59:30.080 --> 00:59:34.880
So what they do now is they burn parts of
the bog and leave parts of the bog open.

2ba9ea2a-72e0-4adf-8c09-432aa3663475-0
00:59:34.960 --> 00:59:39.195
So that way like any insects can fly in
or like there'll be some population

2ba9ea2a-72e0-4adf-8c09-432aa3663475-1
00:59:39.195 --> 00:59:39.920
that's saved.

98469de3-783b-4a8f-81df-38cf8a10fb0a-0
00:59:40.960 --> 00:59:45.221
There's been a movement to burn more in
season because it's more natural for the

98469de3-783b-4a8f-81df-38cf8a10fb0a-1
00:59:45.221 --> 00:59:45.800
the plants.

ea926643-c91d-4fa5-9af3-e064f25adb19-0
00:59:46.080 --> 00:59:48.200
But yeah,
it's prescribed fires every three years.

fc06f6b1-8c42-4b0f-86c7-eec61d7af68e-0
00:59:48.960 --> 00:59:49.240
Yeah.

1a87b72d-3d3a-4e00-968e-81531924f248-0
00:59:49.600 --> 00:59:53.400
And if they're not like that picture I
had was an area that's not managed.

539d8725-d570-4d82-8dc2-692ff859094c-0
00:59:53.640 --> 00:59:56.080
And so if it's not managed,
that's that's what's eventually happening.

91591e6e-2df5-4d9b-8ac5-fe5566ba078f-0
00:59:56.080 --> 00:59:59.760
But you can actually cut down the trees
and like get the bog re going again.

01b02408-65d1-45f4-a4a1-d4ca68eb19c4-0
01:00:00.880 --> 01:00:02.811
A famous example was that a lot of land
owners,

01b02408-65d1-45f4-a4a1-d4ca68eb19c4-1
01:00:02.811 --> 01:00:05.949
they're worried that they'll get their
land taken away from them if they have

01b02408-65d1-45f4-a4a1-d4ca68eb19c4-2
01:00:05.949 --> 01:00:07.840
carnivorous plants because they're
endangered.

dfe0a691-93e5-4458-b3d8-8a2d55a9a68f-0
01:00:08.560 --> 01:00:11.512
But plants have a different,
like if you have an animal that's

dfe0a691-93e5-4458-b3d8-8a2d55a9a68f-1
01:00:11.512 --> 01:00:13.200
endangered, yeah, that could happen.

deaee16b-ab35-4796-a775-bb80b9278c55-0
01:00:13.200 --> 01:00:14.440
But plants, That's not true.

ceb00588-4825-439b-9475-08eed77f9b89-0
01:00:15.120 --> 01:00:17.154
But there was one guy who was worried
about it,

ceb00588-4825-439b-9475-08eed77f9b89-1
01:00:17.154 --> 01:00:19.062
so he went and mowed all his pitcher
plants,

ceb00588-4825-439b-9475-08eed77f9b89-2
01:00:19.062 --> 01:00:20.800
but it actually had the opposite effects.

74986378-d0c5-4ff1-8a30-ec329b04d973-0
01:00:20.800 --> 01:00:24.560
And his bog came back really nice because
he had mowed down on everything.

683658e7-2940-4b04-9c2c-676edd969dac-0
01:00:25.240 --> 01:00:27.880
So it had kind of the same effect as a
prescribed burn.

1d0e61f7-0f89-4970-a13c-c860b0f4be0a-0
01:00:28.160 --> 01:00:28.520
Yeah.

40b15665-3347-4401-9d8e-d3d01d8682ee-0
01:00:29.920 --> 01:00:31.400
So yeah, hand clearing is one way.

ce5e8425-5d98-4663-85b3-dae2992c1194-0
01:00:31.400 --> 01:00:33.000
We can also open up the bog.

11c55f5f-262c-4ea3-9850-9610071e6e4d-0
01:00:33.520 --> 01:00:33.680
Yeah.

e8b51d33-f710-4539-b7ff-8a27fb1ed666-0
01:00:40.000 --> 01:00:40.680
That's a good question.

9b549d93-0bb7-4103-ad13-de84a37c47fa-0
01:00:40.680 --> 01:00:44.973
I am not very good with the,
the like the actual stuff around the

9b549d93-0bb7-4103-ad13-de84a37c47fa-1
01:00:44.973 --> 01:00:47.120
motility and movement mechanisms.

c082069d-5724-41ce-942b-fd17e9481a7e-0
01:00:47.440 --> 01:00:50.640
As I understand it,
they open within I think 20 days.

30e5ecb2-3e63-4350-a112-f4564f7b35be-0
01:00:50.800 --> 01:00:52.360
Someone else might be able to speak to
that.

0dc31283-9d28-4c96-9300-012d17e81236-0
01:00:53.000 --> 01:00:56.540
And it's just about the the like the ion
concentration shifting,

0dc31283-9d28-4c96-9300-012d17e81236-1
01:00:56.540 --> 01:00:58.120
that's how they open back up.

fc9b1060-4ce5-4bb4-9ac9-1be0313e6ac5-0
01:00:59.040 --> 01:01:03.560
So when you trigger a plant without food,
it stays shut for a while.

1da5b276-234d-4af8-9b3d-f6f98efca64a-0
01:01:03.560 --> 01:01:05.480
And they've lost a lot of energy from
that.

b1fdb825-b71f-4320-a776-034dd39707c4-0
01:01:05.720 --> 01:01:09.516
So that's why they say never to like get
them to snapshot without praying them

b1fdb825-b71f-4320-a776-034dd39707c4-1
01:01:09.516 --> 01:01:11.920
because it does take some time to reopen
back up.

e3bd536c-2bb0-4ae2-8ca7-62a9fb1424bf-0
01:01:17.880 --> 01:01:18.720
Thanks for a good talk.

23685d92-1296-4690-9acb-b13741964d9d-0
01:01:18.720 --> 01:01:22.219
I just was wondering just that little
moth,

23685d92-1296-4690-9acb-b13741964d9d-1
01:01:22.219 --> 01:01:25.560
is it a problem here for the future plant?

65674601-2ad1-4aba-9cff-34d27b959286-0
01:01:25.560 --> 01:01:27.040
No, it just hangs out.

da975ddf-4d00-4a53-8ab4-87c0a4a04737-0
01:01:27.920 --> 01:01:28.240
Yeah, I know.

1e48e3d5-dd59-478d-8659-62b9dbbf6869-0
01:01:28.280 --> 01:01:29.160
It's just there.

1f000d39-c4cb-4035-9a76-87a2d2270320-0
01:01:30.240 --> 01:01:33.475
It also has the name like the pitcher
plant mining moth,

1f000d39-c4cb-4035-9a76-87a2d2270320-1
01:01:33.475 --> 01:01:38.072
because it's just eating the the plant,
but it's it's not doing anything to help

1f000d39-c4cb-4035-9a76-87a2d2270320-2
01:01:38.072 --> 01:01:38.640
the plant.

53d307b2-99c5-40a6-999a-2a402368a13d-0
01:01:39.080 --> 01:01:43.200
There was a question earlier about how
much does it affect the plants fitness.

d7fe95d2-b5b9-4e16-ab88-365766f7595d-0
01:01:43.920 --> 01:01:47.705
There's been people who've tried to look
into that and it's really not clear that

d7fe95d2-b5b9-4e16-ab88-365766f7595d-1
01:01:47.705 --> 01:01:50.752
there's a negative effect because they
still, they eat the plant,

d7fe95d2-b5b9-4e16-ab88-365766f7595d-2
01:01:50.752 --> 01:01:54.400
but they're all their frass or their
waste is getting released into the plant.

48e5cb8f-c542-48f7-bfa4-58df7a592a88-0
01:01:54.400 --> 01:01:56.240
So they might be reabsorbing the nitrogen.

ec01c489-acdf-40fd-a3a8-463e630d900c-0
01:01:56.560 --> 01:01:59.200
But these plants usually have like 5 or 6
pitchers on them.

4bd6d9f0-2925-46b8-8ab9-c2aa389344ca-0
01:01:59.200 --> 01:02:00.680
So it's one pitcher that's affected.

032d7807-dcae-4d93-a265-d350d629e192-0
01:02:01.480 --> 01:02:03.080
But yeah,
they're still preventing them from eating.

700470e7-84b3-4bc5-add9-dea29c49eeb8-0
01:02:03.080 --> 01:02:03.400
So.

b8bad7b3-aaae-41fb-80a6-072c79982037-0
01:02:03.400 --> 01:02:04.200
Yeah, yeah.

d5e901a8-a4f3-472a-ae09-b6c43137ce9b-0
01:02:04.240 --> 01:02:10.080
Can you hear me if I just.

84ddaa0e-d3db-4f7a-9fb9-d017d85e0259-0
01:02:10.520 --> 01:02:11.160
Yeah, yeah.

6437b531-e173-4082-9be6-39e7efffda2b-0
01:02:12.200 --> 01:02:17.241
So you're you showed two varieties of the
same species and you showed a graph that

6437b531-e173-4082-9be6-39e7efffda2b-1
01:02:17.241 --> 01:02:21.675
showed that they were eating two
different things and that they had just

6437b531-e173-4082-9be6-39e7efffda2b-2
01:02:21.675 --> 01:02:23.680
like very different morphologies.

aa6aaf57-830a-4267-a4b4-e1c64cf2066e-0
01:02:23.720 --> 01:02:23.960
Yeah.

c32345b4-913d-4016-9a52-b74b68002272-0
01:02:24.200 --> 01:02:27.160
Is there any evidence that of speciation?

34f772ea-fa5b-41ca-b943-c3ab6cac528e-0
01:02:27.440 --> 01:02:30.520
Are they, you said they can interview,
but are they actually doing that?

f411bebd-c9a0-49f3-b808-65f5ddf17f9d-0
01:02:30.520 --> 01:02:33.370
And is there some kind of like niche
partitioning that's happening where the

f411bebd-c9a0-49f3-b808-65f5ddf17f9d-1
01:02:33.370 --> 01:02:35.000
event, you know,
eventually these could be?

f87d418a-e2f8-49be-b812-af20c9a2a3f5-0
01:02:35.840 --> 01:02:36.200
Yeah.

dc6755d7-b37e-4bb3-a4ca-9b03d6eefee5-0
01:02:36.840 --> 01:02:40.727
So I always love to bring up pitcher
plants when I talk about like how do we

dc6755d7-b37e-4bb3-a4ca-9b03d6eefee5-1
01:02:40.727 --> 01:02:42.040
define a species in class?

1cd71e77-d830-47a8-8c6b-3ed4852bb215-0
01:02:42.040 --> 01:02:45.800
Because plants are hard to define species
with because they hybridize all the time.

6220ff97-65eb-4fa0-a344-ce66ff3a0dc0-0
01:02:45.800 --> 01:02:50.080
So these like this genus, so it evolved 3,
000,000 years ago.

3cea4fd9-41fe-4c86-9bfd-5448f58b95b2-0
01:02:50.080 --> 01:02:51.000
That's the estimate.

d0612381-b4cf-4844-9e4a-1aaaa0568bf6-0
01:02:51.280 --> 01:02:54.160
They can all interbreed, all of them.

9bb35eea-d4dc-4a67-822a-96213f67f001-0
01:02:54.200 --> 01:02:56.000
So you can create hybrids that are
fertile.

4cddaf07-107b-43b2-ba59-256004b3d9b7-0
01:02:56.000 --> 01:02:58.920
So it doesn't fit the like the biological
species concept.

39156c5c-eed4-4cbf-9912-7c30d6b7b4f9-0
01:02:59.920 --> 01:03:02.920
So I always like to say that they're kind
of on their trajectories.

e208906a-a0c2-4160-8591-f860778bd843-0
01:03:02.920 --> 01:03:06.598
We're catching them in this point of time
where they're probably on these

e208906a-a0c2-4160-8591-f860778bd843-1
01:03:06.598 --> 01:03:09.680
speciation trajectories,
but they're still able to hybridize.

e67c1c55-a665-47f2-b06b-7425d2c0483d-0
01:03:09.680 --> 01:03:14.280
But something still is making them like
not as fit as hybrids.

92178ac1-5085-4271-bd2c-8a25f04b3c53-0
01:03:14.560 --> 01:03:17.360
And oftentimes you see hybrids in areas
that have been disturbed.

2b83de6a-c159-49a5-a8a3-0fe20d6c7338-0
01:03:17.360 --> 01:03:20.810
So if a habitat someone kind of like
drove a truck through,

2b83de6a-c159-49a5-a8a3-0fe20d6c7338-1
01:03:20.810 --> 01:03:23.800
you'd see hybrids usually in like the
truck tracks.

d7a9374b-03ad-4f9c-8bc2-5f1d9aaf4c32-0
01:03:24.000 --> 01:03:27.861
So it seems to be like they need
disturbance for those hybrids to actually

d7a9374b-03ad-4f9c-8bc2-5f1d9aaf4c32-1
01:03:27.861 --> 01:03:31.723
be maintained, but they're still,
they're still able to to hybridize quite

d7a9374b-03ad-4f9c-8bc2-5f1d9aaf4c32-2
01:03:31.723 --> 01:03:33.320
readily across all the species.

1c863880-5c0a-4c6f-811d-c402375ca2ac-0
01:03:33.480 --> 01:03:33.760
Yeah.

89424e2c-c3a9-4a69-a1ce-c7ee5b87f8b5-0
01:03:34.200 --> 01:03:36.760
So there's debate of are there 8 species?

b1e628ba-bd6e-460e-b590-19d6f3a76b9a-0
01:03:37.080 --> 01:03:38.080
Are there 2 species?

924dbd6e-81d4-457a-8ff7-2a354d6a8bcf-0
01:03:38.080 --> 01:03:40.960
Are there one someone argue there's 46
species.

b547ba90-3e86-4489-a25e-4e4039d1be93-0
01:03:40.960 --> 01:03:43.872
Like it goes,
it's like it's a it's a big group for

b547ba90-3e86-4489-a25e-4e4039d1be93-1
01:03:43.872 --> 01:03:46.000
people to clump them or split them up.

be54f85b-0d4c-4e48-b3d2-94d2e923cc0a-0
01:03:46.360 --> 01:03:50.046
And horticulturists who love how you can
get different varieties so they cross

be54f85b-0d4c-4e48-b3d2-94d2e923cc0a-1
01:03:50.046 --> 01:03:51.680
breed them all the time for traits.

ee743b6a-fd3b-4a06-ade4-0ac36ed4e157-0
01:03:52.000 --> 01:03:54.417
They'll say, oh,
there's a hundred different species

ee743b6a-fd3b-4a06-ade4-0ac36ed4e157-1
01:03:54.417 --> 01:03:57.200
because you get all these different
traits in the the traps.

e1649dc9-8759-49c2-ad46-343eb571065e-0
01:03:57.400 --> 01:04:00.760
But yeah, they all, they all,
a lot of them flower at different times.

5e32dea1-c3e3-4699-94b9-e9f92b31cebd-0
01:04:00.760 --> 01:04:03.200
So that makes it hard for them to to
interbreed.

5cadf78d-1f23-4575-9f29-3e9e1cfa4e01-0
01:04:03.640 --> 01:04:06.480
But yeah, the variety,
they can readily hybridize.

34bef919-889c-4b4c-9fbe-98142eef522f-0
01:04:06.880 --> 01:04:07.160
Yeah.

538623e0-c3b6-4988-a54b-18962ffddc5d-0
01:04:08.960 --> 01:04:09.200
Yeah.

6334c92a-4af4-4b96-90ee-f1498c620b10-0
01:04:10.360 --> 01:04:14.880
I have a question about like about about
growing these things in captivity.

bd3519b1-60f5-4bb8-ac4f-937cabfc24bf-0
01:04:14.920 --> 01:04:16.880
What are your feelings on doing that kind
of thing anyway?

51d45c90-4195-4bb0-aa7a-3aabde0bb509-0
01:04:17.320 --> 01:04:21.940
For preservation or for just kind of the
purposes of having a carnivorous plant in

51d45c90-4195-4bb0-aa7a-3aabde0bb509-1
01:04:21.940 --> 01:04:22.720
the household.

ff240f2f-9ee3-4f80-a100-d5749968226d-0
01:04:23.480 --> 01:04:23.640
Yeah.

57cdd749-95f3-40bb-9c90-2914c879c82e-0
01:04:23.640 --> 01:04:27.732
So the question was about it, you know,
actually growing these plants,

57cdd749-95f3-40bb-9c90-2914c879c82e-1
01:04:27.732 --> 01:04:30.960
kind of the ethics around that and also
for management.

826eb73f-ea77-446c-a3a1-b16bb22ae77c-0
01:04:30.960 --> 01:04:34.960
So a lot of like,
like botanical gardens down South.

c2f9a70f-0067-43a5-b2ba-1f4704f767dc-0
01:04:34.960 --> 01:04:36.960
So you landed Botanical Garden in
particular.

c983ad7c-5e31-433f-ad1e-6ef746ef7a9a-0
01:04:37.240 --> 01:04:41.667
They've been collecting seeds from
populations with the idea that they would

c983ad7c-5e31-433f-ad1e-6ef746ef7a9a-1
01:04:41.667 --> 01:04:44.600
grow them and then replant them out to
these bogs.

d254e5d9-fabb-49ca-ad7d-b4f89d0c41d8-0
01:04:44.600 --> 01:04:47.988
So that's what my job was when I was
there is that there had been plants

d254e5d9-fabb-49ca-ad7d-b4f89d0c41d8-1
01:04:47.988 --> 01:04:48.360
growing.

4c6a660a-73d0-40ef-b5f7-67590ebda0b0-0
01:04:48.360 --> 01:04:50.080
It takes them a while to get that big.

0107dd81-0da8-48be-afd4-7b81a376859d-0
01:04:50.720 --> 01:04:52.280
They're a long lived species.

a2eded4f-7c78-418f-ac6e-4191a665686e-0
01:04:52.560 --> 01:04:55.851
So there was a like some leukophila
though, the white top picture plants,

a2eded4f-7c78-418f-ac6e-4191a665686e-1
01:04:55.851 --> 01:04:58.520
they got about this big,
that was about 10 years of growth.

5ec9e0e7-d848-4bd3-b4de-01c156b98834-0
01:04:58.840 --> 01:05:02.534
And we went out and we plant like planted
them out in the population where the

5ec9e0e7-d848-4bd3-b4de-01c156b98834-1
01:05:02.534 --> 01:05:05.480
seeds were from because the population
numbers were dwindling.

27575bc9-42f5-4f29-88f4-86e20446917e-0
01:05:05.480 --> 01:05:10.296
So there are people managing and growing
them in botanical gardens with the idea

27575bc9-42f5-4f29-88f4-86e20446917e-1
01:05:10.296 --> 01:05:14.280
of of replanting them out and trying to
get population numbers up.

2441fb24-2f1b-48d7-af0b-27ba93da2f2e-0
01:05:15.760 --> 01:05:19.819
As far as people growing them for hobby,
I usually tell people to make sure you

2441fb24-2f1b-48d7-af0b-27ba93da2f2e-1
01:05:19.819 --> 01:05:22.560
look at where you're getting your source
plants from.

e522e2c1-2302-4fd2-a4a6-5a9b8dba4fcd-0
01:05:23.400 --> 01:05:25.160
Some sources aren't reputable.

e264bc0a-e7fd-4721-aa76-b5acec5b6dc6-0
01:05:25.520 --> 01:05:27.620
So that's where I usually say like,
dig in,

e264bc0a-e7fd-4721-aa76-b5acec5b6dc6-1
01:05:27.620 --> 01:05:29.720
try to find out where they're these
plants.

10062356-c5d7-4e0c-aa5f-a5950193287c-0
01:05:29.720 --> 01:05:34.520
Do they get them ethically or did they go
out and poach the plants?

9c5c4a00-d918-42d7-9114-04d4c6bd9b3b-0
01:05:34.840 --> 01:05:38.343
So that's usually what I recommend is
when you're purchasing any carnivorous

9c5c4a00-d918-42d7-9114-04d4c6bd9b3b-1
01:05:38.343 --> 01:05:40.800
plant is really look into where the
source came from.

c19fed6b-efb7-481f-90d5-14adac1c274f-0
01:05:42.760 --> 01:05:45.666
Yeah,
Mentioned about the Okeefenokee variety

c19fed6b-efb7-481f-90d5-14adac1c274f-1
01:05:45.666 --> 01:05:47.120
that they were in this.

1bc3bfd5-8115-4db6-afea-41fa790b2329-0
01:05:48.160 --> 01:05:50.600
I think you said they were both in the
same swamp.

585494d3-844e-4043-97c4-87e1465d35dc-0
01:05:50.600 --> 01:05:50.920
Yeah.

93c8d6f3-4e75-4f54-be58-d0fce30cbbc5-0
01:05:51.560 --> 01:05:53.240
Are they different areas of the swamp?

2d05f503-842f-4950-b7bb-87bda0d5518a-0
01:05:53.360 --> 01:05:56.960
Yes, they're kind of in the same,
like they're different areas.

6df5466f-c114-44d3-8ec0-4e6efeefb482-0
01:05:56.960 --> 01:06:00.320
So like in the Okeefenokee,
you get these little land masses.

b7ad355e-1df0-445a-a63b-8dca43ca6e18-0
01:06:00.680 --> 01:06:01.040
Yeah.

ae713550-439a-4e40-9fa6-1eb33c311a76-0
01:06:01.040 --> 01:06:02.400
So you can take a canoe.

2f6a210d-1de2-4c60-9447-aaaf9687fe2a-0
01:06:02.400 --> 01:06:05.680
We were on canoes and jumping on these
little islands.

164a78b7-f82c-48e2-88f4-e6a54f641588-0
01:06:05.680 --> 01:06:06.520
They're floating.

9f510b61-b651-4962-9901-37441e610d0e-0
01:06:06.520 --> 01:06:09.360
And it's kind of scary because, you know,
there's alligators everywhere.

0d6bb95c-8ca1-45ae-aaaa-b4fe546e8baf-0
01:06:10.120 --> 01:06:12.000
And so those are where, like,
the tall ones are.

d8f9945b-9231-4433-9691-96587d5ea217-0
01:06:12.160 --> 01:06:14.997
But then you could be 10 feet away on
more stable land,

d8f9945b-9231-4433-9691-96587d5ea217-1
01:06:14.997 --> 01:06:16.720
and then you see the smaller ones.

3299792a-56fa-468c-9002-6d9af3dd163a-0
01:06:17.360 --> 01:06:17.720
Yeah.

abcc0527-a024-45c9-aa24-689a63cd6a27-0
01:06:18.000 --> 01:06:22.301
So it seems like part of me thinks it
might be a plastic response to the

abcc0527-a024-45c9-aa24-689a63cd6a27-1
01:06:22.301 --> 01:06:24.952
environment where the way the nutrients
are,

abcc0527-a024-45c9-aa24-689a63cd6a27-2
01:06:24.952 --> 01:06:28.487
something in the swamp is promoting that
tall growth maybe,

abcc0527-a024-45c9-aa24-689a63cd6a27-3
01:06:28.487 --> 01:06:33.260
but also that it's also adaptive in that
they get these flying prey when there's

abcc0527-a024-45c9-aa24-689a63cd6a27-4
01:06:33.260 --> 01:06:35.440
not many ants crawling on those mats.

08e6ac9c-5119-4b5e-a0ff-6251c57b90d0-0
01:06:35.440 --> 01:06:35.760
Yeah.

7fc31e5c-4b87-48d9-8878-ffa5f62d0bc9-0
01:06:36.320 --> 01:06:36.640
Yeah.

e39ecdb2-691b-4f4c-92b2-b0963335233d-0
01:06:37.120 --> 01:06:38.000
Do ants get on the mats?

1d3cac6e-d776-4962-abff-0ab668498f4a-0
01:06:38.640 --> 01:06:39.200
They can.

a6a2bbba-5073-4df6-b7bc-f8779146b747-0
01:06:39.200 --> 01:06:39.960
I've seen them.

572184ec-237a-4862-a6d5-8656756282ab-0
01:06:40.560 --> 01:06:40.880
Yeah.

134bed4c-d49a-484f-b13c-bbb735cbbe12-0
01:06:40.880 --> 01:06:44.640
We did have some ants in some of the the
plants, but mostly was moths.

e6f3540f-0f4a-479d-ae52-bdef07c5c949-0
01:06:45.360 --> 01:06:45.760
Yeah.

601cddbd-a1b2-4369-abea-9d6df28d76c1-0
01:06:48.720 --> 01:06:49.080
OK.

9f41006a-cc04-40be-b91a-ab704829c331-0
01:06:49.080 --> 01:06:50.520
I think we're going to close it there.