WEBVTT

1305adfc-5d14-46b2-8658-bebf73b2b3aa-0
00:00:00.080 --> 00:00:07.042
Gavin studied at the SUNY Genesio and he
has a degree from there for both

1305adfc-5d14-46b2-8658-bebf73b2b3aa-1
00:00:07.042 --> 00:00:12.029
geological sciences as well as adolescent
education,

1305adfc-5d14-46b2-8658-bebf73b2b3aa-2
00:00:12.029 --> 00:00:15.040
so very interesting career path.

095c0ba5-6647-47c0-b71e-ea91db9669df-0
00:00:15.400 --> 00:00:20.498
He then moved to Clemson,
where he got a master in hydrogeology and

095c0ba5-6647-47c0-b71e-ea91db9669df-1
00:00:20.498 --> 00:00:24.621
a PhD in environmental engineering and
Earth Sciences,

095c0ba5-6647-47c0-b71e-ea91db9669df-2
00:00:24.621 --> 00:00:29.720
and then continued his research there as
a postgraduate researcher.

4083b549-244d-4cd5-bfe1-5dc0d8288fed-0
00:00:30.360 --> 00:00:35.895
He joined us last summer,
and he's going to be helping us expand

4083b549-244d-4cd5-bfe1-5dc0d8288fed-1
00:00:35.895 --> 00:00:38.280
the forensic sciences field.

00ffc334-44e7-41ba-8f42-d2f6cdc20ffd-0
00:00:38.640 --> 00:00:43.000
And today he's going to speak to us about
hurricanes and wildfires.

eabf97b8-0f20-4585-bb2e-1ad8f8c844f1-0
00:00:43.000 --> 00:00:44.720
So what's not to lie?

b827afc2-076a-42d8-b12b-6df4adc98195-0
00:00:44.920 --> 00:00:46.600
Please welcome Gabby.

a178477a-ce8c-4c76-8918-5daa628ed2fd-0
00:00:54.560 --> 00:00:55.120
All right.

6a6d59ca-5544-4556-aa89-25130d47acb0-0
00:00:55.120 --> 00:00:56.640
Well, thank you, Sarah.

e8e1d829-f75a-405a-98c4-6f29da0de4ad-0
00:00:56.640 --> 00:00:58.961
Thank you,
the geology department for giving me this

e8e1d829-f75a-405a-98c4-6f29da0de4ad-1
00:00:58.961 --> 00:00:59.400
time slot.

8b8ab958-a890-4664-85d3-a98410695f6a-0
00:00:59.480 --> 00:01:04.720
And thanks to Ryan and the biology
department for inviting me to talk.

49f993a4-02af-4c6d-89f4-73dce18f95c0-0
00:01:04.720 --> 00:01:10.265
I'll take any chance I can to talk about
wildfires and hurricanes and how they

49f993a4-02af-4c6d-89f4-73dce18f95c0-1
00:01:10.265 --> 00:01:11.880
impact our environment.

ae7b695c-2e80-4c67-b04a-2de7b7aa7706-0
00:01:12.560 --> 00:01:15.961
And that's because over the past couple
years,

ae7b695c-2e80-4c67-b04a-2de7b7aa7706-1
00:01:15.961 --> 00:01:20.520
you may have seen or heard in the news a
lot about hurricanes.

9281cee5-5b23-48ed-b923-c6424bff8f66-0
00:01:20.520 --> 00:01:22.760
I love this.

df948f76-7c98-45c7-8349-79cceb8ecfd1-0
00:01:22.760 --> 00:01:23.520
Is all OK?

7996cd31-32d8-4249-8cd1-e71d0064c422-0
00:01:23.520 --> 00:01:23.640
Yeah.

815182fe-04f6-43c4-aee7-a00b4aa3a55e-0
00:01:25.160 --> 00:01:25.960
Can you hear me now?

f0697ba7-c6a5-493b-8a27-772870928f6a-0
00:01:28.600 --> 00:01:29.000
Hello.

6f4f5039-c387-459f-9452-8bcfd875afb5-0
00:01:32.360 --> 00:01:33.080
Can you hear me now?

5b7c56b7-8fb5-4ebc-840c-267ddb4aa5a4-0
00:01:33.720 --> 00:01:34.040
All right.

25eaf095-0534-4c00-95ca-d55e5a84308f-0
00:01:34.040 --> 00:01:37.560
It's like a Verizon commercial for those
of you that are old enough to know that.

71f39b04-9fcb-4bc5-8ac5-5f768b51c259-0
00:01:38.560 --> 00:01:43.236
So for hurricanes and wildfires,
they have been in the news,

71f39b04-9fcb-4bc5-8ac5-5f768b51c259-1
00:01:43.236 --> 00:01:45.000
they've been hot topic.

b32cf6be-338a-4e70-ab10-eed55d0b4c2f-0
00:01:45.000 --> 00:01:50.560
You may have heard about them,
you may have seen about them,

b32cf6be-338a-4e70-ab10-eed55d0b4c2f-1
00:01:50.560 --> 00:01:58.035
but what we also know is that you take an
approximately 8 hours of media intake a

b32cf6be-338a-4e70-ab10-eed55d0b4c2f-2
00:01:58.035 --> 00:01:58.400
day.

baa1534f-f4d8-4c78-8837-7ab1d1836bac-0
00:01:58.520 --> 00:02:01.720
So you're experiencing 8 hours of media
intake.

c7db379b-a9d0-48c1-8b7e-459be7b81a60-0
00:02:01.720 --> 00:02:04.760
That's a lot of information,
a lot of time.

7fbfb4c5-e56f-475e-ad4c-e09e9f18308b-0
00:02:05.280 --> 00:02:11.715
But we also know that the average person
loses interest in a single topic after 9

7fbfb4c5-e56f-475e-ad4c-e09e9f18308b-1
00:02:11.715 --> 00:02:13.520
minutes and 59 seconds.

544d3947-77d1-4c3d-82ba-f5cf28678247-0
00:02:14.720 --> 00:02:18.262
And we also know that the average person
from a study,

544d3947-77d1-4c3d-82ba-f5cf28678247-1
00:02:18.262 --> 00:02:23.092
which you know from Miller's Law,
that a person can only have really seven

544d3947-77d1-4c3d-82ba-f5cf28678247-2
00:02:23.092 --> 00:02:26.120
pieces of information in their working
memory.

158e73ab-36f6-43a2-b95b-dd3375b634f5-0
00:02:26.480 --> 00:02:31.752
And you might be asking yourself,
why am I telling you this before I just

158e73ab-36f6-43a2-b95b-dd3375b634f5-1
00:02:31.752 --> 00:02:35.600
continue to ramble on about hurricanes
and wildfires?

a0eceeb4-1a62-4b5b-a5f3-b36b7ccf4b5c-0
00:02:36.640 --> 00:02:39.480
Well,
if there's any information I want you to

a0eceeb4-1a62-4b5b-a5f3-b36b7ccf4b5c-1
00:02:39.480 --> 00:02:43.045
take away from today,
are key points is that hurricane and

a0eceeb4-1a62-4b5b-a5f3-b36b7ccf4b5c-2
00:02:43.045 --> 00:02:45.040
wildfires, they are disturbances.

94b5b881-8195-498f-a766-5360e6017ee9-0
00:02:45.200 --> 00:02:48.929
They have visual disturbances that are
commonly focused on,

94b5b881-8195-498f-a766-5360e6017ee9-1
00:02:48.929 --> 00:02:53.778
but they also have invisible disturbances
to the environment that are equally

94b5b881-8195-498f-a766-5360e6017ee9-2
00:02:53.778 --> 00:02:54.399
important.

5c4a221b-ac0f-4dcc-ba40-206db974ed00-0
00:02:55.040 --> 00:02:59.553
They're impacting our biogeochemistry,
which is biology,

5c4a221b-ac0f-4dcc-ba40-206db974ed00-1
00:02:59.553 --> 00:03:05.570
our geology as well as our chemistry,
specifically that water cycle and the

5c4a221b-ac0f-4dcc-ba40-206db974ed00-2
00:03:05.570 --> 00:03:06.600
carbon cycle.

d0ea402c-9135-4a71-919f-282915318450-0
00:03:07.040 --> 00:03:11.450
And these hurricanes, oops, sorry,
these hurricanes and wildfires are

d0ea402c-9135-4a71-919f-282915318450-1
00:03:11.450 --> 00:03:12.080
connected.

50ba8986-17e6-4204-a207-32525060d944-0
00:03:12.240 --> 00:03:13.280
They are related.

41c710b2-04e5-4d64-94ff-ace8584f7fa9-0
00:03:13.760 --> 00:03:16.880
So climate is driving these events.

aab0ecba-107b-44a1-a506-bd85a05ad89c-0
00:03:17.000 --> 00:03:19.360
It is impacting our water quality.

a16461dd-ea55-4f5e-afe4-f20d9c46f83d-0
00:03:19.400 --> 00:03:23.705
Both events are impacting water quality
and both events are also impacting our

a16461dd-ea55-4f5e-afe4-f20d9c46f83d-1
00:03:23.705 --> 00:03:24.360
soil health.

efc6a000-ba24-4a07-a39a-369a19bbccd8-0
00:03:24.640 --> 00:03:28.560
So they are both related even though they
are different disturbances.

6a22b1fc-c7ea-4c0f-987d-5dd1dbb497cc-0
00:03:29.760 --> 00:03:32.984
So before we kind of go into the
wildfires and hurricanes,

6a22b1fc-c7ea-4c0f-987d-5dd1dbb497cc-1
00:03:32.984 --> 00:03:37.412
we're going to start with some background
information just about the water cycle

6a22b1fc-c7ea-4c0f-987d-5dd1dbb497cc-2
00:03:37.412 --> 00:03:38.560
and the carbon cycle.

bd05bfee-a085-433f-a6aa-4b8db628f4bd-0
00:03:38.840 --> 00:03:43.418
We'll then talk about hurricanes,
how they're impacting atmospheric CO2,

bd05bfee-a085-433f-a6aa-4b8db628f4bd-1
00:03:43.418 --> 00:03:46.680
how they're impacting what is known as
blue carbon.

7caf2a8a-b279-4bda-84d9-4de5750cef35-0
00:03:47.000 --> 00:03:50.981
We'll take a look at wildfires,
maybe what wildfires produce,

7caf2a8a-b279-4bda-84d9-4de5750cef35-1
00:03:50.981 --> 00:03:56.054
the types of material wildfires produce,
how they can impact our water and our

7caf2a8a-b279-4bda-84d9-4de5750cef35-2
00:03:56.054 --> 00:03:56.440
soils.

6fdcd914-d41f-4921-a7c6-6b2b263f1dff-0
00:03:56.680 --> 00:04:00.996
And then we'll talk really broadly about
these large scale disturbances and really

6fdcd914-d41f-4921-a7c6-6b2b263f1dff-1
00:04:00.996 --> 00:04:04.480
how they're driving climate change as
well as impacting our water.

0371cb0c-8cef-471d-96fc-d168b71e7f87-0
00:04:07.280 --> 00:04:10.320
So to start,
we're going to start with atmospheric CO2.

004b382f-4886-4a47-ab39-332abfd970a0-0
00:04:10.320 --> 00:04:14.718
So when I say CO2,
I mean carbon dioxide and CO2 can be in a

004b382f-4886-4a47-ab39-332abfd970a0-1
00:04:14.718 --> 00:04:15.440
gas state.

92f77363-d05b-4f8b-9746-2e9ff35aec72-0
00:04:15.760 --> 00:04:18.680
When it's in our gas state,
it's in our atmosphere.

74934811-13a2-40ed-8cda-40e7bc2de301-0
00:04:18.960 --> 00:04:21.583
And while I'm talking about atmospheric
CO2,

74934811-13a2-40ed-8cda-40e7bc2de301-1
00:04:21.583 --> 00:04:24.440
I'm going to display this little
animation here.

d0d9339c-1f22-4be6-aac2-64d16c6cd3e4-0
00:04:25.200 --> 00:04:30.520
So to get a lay of land of this animation,
to the left we have a plot.

e1eeda0e-05d0-43d2-8924-a6236d35bc67-0
00:04:31.400 --> 00:04:33.840
This is our globe on a 2D plane.

7286f995-8b9b-48be-bcce-935da7217e67-0
00:04:33.840 --> 00:04:36.400
So we have our equator in the centre.

fbfaf82b-8732-43f4-8ed4-3f3fbdb20c7b-0
00:04:36.920 --> 00:04:42.016
Our South Pole is to the left of the plot
and our North Pole is to the right of the

fbfaf82b-8732-43f4-8ed4-3f3fbdb20c7b-1
00:04:42.016 --> 00:04:42.320
plot.

c7fddfca-453d-4e0b-aa00-7f033d52d209-0
00:04:42.560 --> 00:04:47.660
And those small dots we see,
those are representing atmospheric CO2

c7fddfca-453d-4e0b-aa00-7f033d52d209-1
00:04:47.660 --> 00:04:49.160
monitoring stations.

adb8815f-521a-4ad4-95f2-7f5bdb80fa27-0
00:04:49.160 --> 00:04:53.953
So stations that are continuously
measuring the concentration of CO2 in our

adb8815f-521a-4ad4-95f2-7f5bdb80fa27-1
00:04:53.953 --> 00:04:55.720
atmosphere across the globe.

cdab2959-abe7-4894-bbf8-c97c18af14e3-0
00:04:56.880 --> 00:05:02.560
And they're measuring the concentration
which is our Y axis and parts per million.

33f5662d-df73-4328-9278-474e38288a83-0
00:05:03.800 --> 00:05:08.669
And that information is also going to be
displayed on this plot to the right,

33f5662d-df73-4328-9278-474e38288a83-1
00:05:08.669 --> 00:05:10.480
which is years on the X axis.

4a78e300-809f-4d5f-9b68-da075319df69-0
00:05:10.600 --> 00:05:13.880
So time and concentration on the Y axis.

f38d3f3c-022f-41c8-ade2-b8308445328e-0
00:05:13.880 --> 00:05:17.760
So we're going to see how concentration
has been changing over time.

2e7f4db6-8ada-4343-85b2-d9aaf650b5ab-0
00:05:18.520 --> 00:05:22.077
And So what you'll notice as this
animation is going,

2e7f4db6-8ada-4343-85b2-d9aaf650b5ab-1
00:05:22.077 --> 00:05:26.755
these two plots are stationary,
going to display the same information,

2e7f4db6-8ada-4343-85b2-d9aaf650b5ab-2
00:05:26.755 --> 00:05:31.960
but our atmospheric CO2 concentrations
are increasing at an accelerating rate.

0b0fb23a-2d8b-4265-ba41-833dd31d8882-0
00:05:32.960 --> 00:05:38.721
They are increasing very quickly
increasing the amount of CO2 in our

0b0fb23a-2d8b-4265-ba41-833dd31d8882-1
00:05:38.721 --> 00:05:39.640
atmosphere.

998b90b6-cbb5-49e7-9609-912fc4cf52fc-0
00:05:39.960 --> 00:05:46.022
And so since we started measuring
atmospheric CO2 in Mauna Loa in 1950,

998b90b6-cbb5-49e7-9609-912fc4cf52fc-1
00:05:46.022 --> 00:05:52.505
we have increased from around 320 since
that 1950 point to approximately 420

998b90b6-cbb5-49e7-9609-912fc4cf52fc-2
00:05:52.505 --> 00:05:55.199
parts per million to modern day.

db9e37b4-3338-4318-ab26-c64bb478596e-0
00:05:56.480 --> 00:06:01.529
And we can even take this further to take
a look at the Industrial Revolution,

db9e37b4-3338-4318-ab26-c64bb478596e-1
00:06:01.529 --> 00:06:03.000
which happened in 1750.

f6d7896f-4bce-487c-abf8-0013183331b4-0
00:06:03.160 --> 00:06:05.120
We're at about 260 parts per million.

a48c9e44-845a-40c0-bae9-7c26a5dff8ed-0
00:06:05.120 --> 00:06:11.078
During that industrial revolution,
we increased by 47% to where we are today

a48c9e44-845a-40c0-bae9-7c26a5dff8ed-1
00:06:11.078 --> 00:06:13.400
at that 420 parts per million.

67da6e0c-921a-4d84-9e36-52fefbb387d4-0
00:06:13.920 --> 00:06:19.278
We haven't seen these concentrations of
atmospheric CO2 in geologic history over

67da6e0c-921a-4d84-9e36-52fefbb387d4-1
00:06:19.278 --> 00:06:20.800
the past 800,000 years.

34dca12e-c814-4b93-b55f-6f0934e060cf-0
00:06:20.800 --> 00:06:26.109
So in between our glacial interglacial
periods where we know we had warming,

34dca12e-c814-4b93-b55f-6f0934e060cf-1
00:06:26.109 --> 00:06:30.315
we know we had cooling,
we never exceeded that 300 parts per

34dca12e-c814-4b93-b55f-6f0934e060cf-2
00:06:30.315 --> 00:06:35.279
million and we never exceeded at a rate
that we are experiencing today.

4c6182d1-e7c1-4b61-b2fe-a63fc87aa9c9-0
00:06:36.040 --> 00:06:41.120
But you can see over this time that CO2
is fluctuating in the atmosphere.

0b28d048-77ca-4850-98b7-36fa6b250a7d-0
00:06:41.400 --> 00:06:44.393
Even you see small fluctuations in this
plot,

0b28d048-77ca-4850-98b7-36fa6b250a7d-1
00:06:44.393 --> 00:06:49.080
and that's because carbon is always
cycling throughout our environment.

961abd2a-ad8d-41b5-a09e-2cb91d01e9e4-0
00:06:50.240 --> 00:06:51.680
Carbon is in the atmosphere.

a9c67ca9-6d3f-4a2f-88db-aff7cece1344-0
00:06:51.680 --> 00:06:56.777
We just talked about atmospheric CO2,
but that carbon can be taken out of the

a9c67ca9-6d3f-4a2f-88db-aff7cece1344-1
00:06:56.777 --> 00:06:59.979
atmosphere by vegetation through
photosynthesis,

a9c67ca9-6d3f-4a2f-88db-aff7cece1344-2
00:06:59.979 --> 00:07:04.814
stored in our soils below ground,
can also dissolve into the oceans or be

a9c67ca9-6d3f-4a2f-88db-aff7cece1344-3
00:07:04.814 --> 00:07:08.278
taken up by algae or other vegetation in
the oceans,

a9c67ca9-6d3f-4a2f-88db-aff7cece1344-4
00:07:08.278 --> 00:07:11.480
then be buried below ground in oceanic
sediment.

5b60b00b-dd69-4818-bfc0-af222c6d551d-0
00:07:11.640 --> 00:07:16.320
So this carbon is always cycling from the
atmosphere to our oceans to the soils.

28293811-1eed-4cc6-89a8-7a7d6a6b7faf-0
00:07:16.320 --> 00:07:19.520
It's always going around in the cycle.

c3535418-e4dc-4c9b-877e-9b025041c46a-0
00:07:20.080 --> 00:07:25.048
But why we cared about that atmospheric
CO2 and why only half of you heard about

c3535418-e4dc-4c9b-877e-9b025041c46a-1
00:07:25.048 --> 00:07:30.016
it at the beginning of the presentation
is because this atmospheric CO2 causes a

c3535418-e4dc-4c9b-877e-9b025041c46a-2
00:07:30.016 --> 00:07:31.120
greenhouse effect.

c8d5a257-398d-44e7-890a-4aec6b7ff210-0
00:07:31.120 --> 00:07:36.168
So CO2 is a greenhouse gas,
which what that means is our sun is

c8d5a257-398d-44e7-890a-4aec6b7ff210-1
00:07:36.168 --> 00:07:42.006
always giving UV radiation to Earth,
It's always emitting UV radiation to

c8d5a257-398d-44e7-890a-4aec6b7ff210-2
00:07:42.006 --> 00:07:42.480
Earth.

15d85789-2e91-4050-9180-2eb99f893b6c-0
00:07:42.720 --> 00:07:48.098
Our Earth absorbs that UV radiation,
sends it back out as infrared radiation,

15d85789-2e91-4050-9180-2eb99f893b6c-1
00:07:48.098 --> 00:07:52.581
which is longer wavelengths,
and that infrared radiation is then

15d85789-2e91-4050-9180-2eb99f893b6c-2
00:07:52.581 --> 00:07:57.546
trapped by CO2 in our atmosphere,
absorbed by that CO2 and sent back to

15d85789-2e91-4050-9180-2eb99f893b6c-3
00:07:57.546 --> 00:07:57.960
Earth.

ec5d6743-006f-4c7a-999f-bdef806dd3f0-0
00:07:58.200 --> 00:08:01.722
So heating up Earth,
and that's really the cause of global

ec5d6743-006f-4c7a-999f-bdef806dd3f0-1
00:08:01.722 --> 00:08:02.200
warming.

9ed07798-a42b-490e-8a97-b248964cff68-0
00:08:02.200 --> 00:08:04.480
So the Earth is acting like a greenhouse.

1a831699-eeea-4d3d-a209-c0363b091ce6-0
00:08:04.960 --> 00:08:07.040
Outside of the greenhouse might be cold.

22426b6f-c117-4f13-b9aa-2b904f54a2ee-0
00:08:07.320 --> 00:08:09.320
Inside that greenhouse, it is warm.

d1173b8a-0b70-4245-8555-bd8115563360-0
00:08:09.320 --> 00:08:12.040
It's because the sun's heating up the
material in the greenhouse.

03c9f9bf-2a9a-4b1c-b846-dc02da228e83-0
00:08:12.280 --> 00:08:17.113
That material emits infrared radiation
trapped by the glass or our CO2 on Earth

03c9f9bf-2a9a-4b1c-b846-dc02da228e83-1
00:08:17.113 --> 00:08:20.920
and then sent back to Earth's surface,
causing global warming.

cfafa29f-0cbd-4eee-86d4-1eb5599c7fb1-0
00:08:21.600 --> 00:08:26.503
And just the sheer amount of CO2 in our
atmosphere is really what is causing that

cfafa29f-0cbd-4eee-86d4-1eb5599c7fb1-1
00:08:26.503 --> 00:08:27.400
global warming.

77115df7-c19a-42a6-896a-e4f55f53a94d-0
00:08:27.560 --> 00:08:32.518
We have so much atmospheric CO2 that it's
causing that greenhouse to greenhouse

77115df7-c19a-42a6-896a-e4f55f53a94d-1
00:08:32.518 --> 00:08:34.440
effect to be much more intense.

12a5b2a3-3b15-4fec-be48-7e24eb4bf810-0
00:08:37.240 --> 00:08:40.520
So we can release atmospheric CO2 in the
atmosphere.

d4040088-e873-43e9-b617-60cafb45af79-0
00:08:40.520 --> 00:08:44.071
And we know that's bad,
but we want to try to store that and

d4040088-e873-43e9-b617-60cafb45af79-1
00:08:44.071 --> 00:08:48.787
understand the natural ways that we take
that atmosphere or that atmospheric CO2

d4040088-e873-43e9-b617-60cafb45af79-2
00:08:48.787 --> 00:08:51.640
out of the atmosphere and store it below
ground.

4a24d2e3-c464-4618-be1c-4ed39d34ad4c-0
00:08:52.120 --> 00:08:54.080
And that is known as sequestering.

1c8c77d1-642b-4e0e-82e6-148d692b0f37-0
00:08:54.080 --> 00:08:57.160
We are sequestering carbon and then
storing it.

e3cb4ce7-70a0-4e3a-8df1-031fb14a32a7-0
00:08:57.400 --> 00:09:02.039
And in order to really know that
transport from that source emissions in

e3cb4ce7-70a0-4e3a-8df1-031fb14a32a7-1
00:09:02.039 --> 00:09:07.124
our atmosphere to that sink below ground,
we have to understand how the carbons

e3cb4ce7-70a0-4e3a-8df1-031fb14a32a7-2
00:09:07.124 --> 00:09:07.760
transport.

b7a91036-7be8-4d58-8b70-594cec12c3db-0
00:09:08.000 --> 00:09:11.400
And the main way that carbon is
transported is with water.

61b198bb-7076-44e5-a8d5-df0397f1751c-0
00:09:11.840 --> 00:09:13.840
So water is very important to us.

c3beee75-dd2c-456a-8ccb-cde269ffee51-0
00:09:13.840 --> 00:09:15.800
The water cycle is super important.

740770a1-47ab-4240-8fcd-c97b04bd45b2-0
00:09:15.800 --> 00:09:18.880
And I like this phrase of carbon goes
where the water flows.

060460fb-b06b-41a0-8a73-d023ea827fc9-0
00:09:18.880 --> 00:09:24.359
So if you have water flowing somewhere,
they're going to be carbon also flowing

060460fb-b06b-41a0-8a73-d023ea827fc9-1
00:09:24.359 --> 00:09:28.469
in that same cycle,
combining the of water cycle and carbon

060460fb-b06b-41a0-8a73-d023ea827fc9-2
00:09:28.469 --> 00:09:28.880
cycle.

74ae71df-cdc5-4df7-8e1d-db390825bb66-0
00:09:29.400 --> 00:09:34.982
So what I tried to do with my research is
take a look at hurricanes and wildfires

74ae71df-cdc5-4df7-8e1d-db390825bb66-1
00:09:34.982 --> 00:09:40.292
and how they impact that water cycle and
how they impact that carbon cycle to

74ae71df-cdc5-4df7-8e1d-db390825bb66-2
00:09:40.292 --> 00:09:45.943
either one impact our water quality or to
impact climate change and future climate

74ae71df-cdc5-4df7-8e1d-db390825bb66-3
00:09:45.943 --> 00:09:46.760
projections.

2eeb1d48-7efa-48cf-8a50-32a8a80bab0a-0
00:09:48.760 --> 00:09:50.840
So I'm going to start with hurricanes.

c95ec958-b664-4ebe-9d25-25ce7d6cd46a-0
00:09:50.840 --> 00:09:55.797
So hurricane is just the common term for
a tropical cyclone that is occurring in

c95ec958-b664-4ebe-9d25-25ce7d6cd46a-1
00:09:55.797 --> 00:09:56.960
the Atlantic Ocean.

4df58691-416a-41fb-82f8-06a3d4768fc7-0
00:09:57.800 --> 00:10:03.312
A tropical cyclone is a rotating low
pressure system that starts in the

4df58691-416a-41fb-82f8-06a3d4768fc7-1
00:10:03.312 --> 00:10:09.208
tropics and then moves up the Atlantic
Ocean and it's an series of organized

4df58691-416a-41fb-82f8-06a3d4768fc7-2
00:10:09.208 --> 00:10:10.279
thunderstorms.

3f732207-1a32-49e7-83ef-7395e1ec04d1-0
00:10:10.520 --> 00:10:12.360
It brings immense energy.

ca3b355d-a12f-415c-ba7e-6e0e8161d9ac-0
00:10:12.360 --> 00:10:16.358
It brings the storm surge, high winds,
high rains,

ca3b355d-a12f-415c-ba7e-6e0e8161d9ac-1
00:10:16.358 --> 00:10:22.552
and the IPCC or the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change and their latest

ca3b355d-a12f-415c-ba7e-6e0e8161d9ac-2
00:10:22.552 --> 00:10:28.511
report has projected that tropical
cyclones with future climate change will

ca3b355d-a12f-415c-ba7e-6e0e8161d9ac-3
00:10:28.511 --> 00:10:30.080
become more intense.

441d0f6b-307e-465f-86a9-a16523509e9e-0
00:10:30.800 --> 00:10:31.920
So that's important.

78f2e790-e710-4457-ade5-b1d005ec7467-0
00:10:31.920 --> 00:10:35.560
We're getting more intense storms due to
climate change.

51cfdfc1-a74e-4784-b1ab-7c38513eef69-0
00:10:35.560 --> 00:10:39.880
We have warmer weather, creating larger,
stronger storms.

c82d7e25-69d3-4afb-b066-6ccf1e3604e3-0
00:10:40.120 --> 00:10:44.640
That means we're going to get more storm
surge, higher winds, more rain.

e51c571b-af2a-43ba-bf6b-e975bd2ad5c0-0
00:10:45.120 --> 00:10:47.476
Well,
we also know that these storms are

e51c571b-af2a-43ba-bf6b-e975bd2ad5c0-1
00:10:47.476 --> 00:10:49.200
impacting our coastal setting.

73aad513-d9e5-43ee-bc28-a90e9846eab1-0
00:10:49.880 --> 00:10:54.680
And on that coastal setting we have an
environment known as a tidal wetland.

a8fd982f-210c-46e2-9a91-484c92171d2d-0
00:10:55.280 --> 00:10:59.080
And these tidal wetlands are extremely
important to carbon cycling.

ba3472d3-987e-4742-8d01-45dcdb0e748f-0
00:11:00.240 --> 00:11:07.760
So tidal wetlands are able to sequester
atmospheric CO2 with primary productivity.

b2a76ef0-4257-48e9-b706-0f7e55029b42-0
00:11:07.800 --> 00:11:11.775
So through photosynthesis,
the vegetation is able to take CO2 out of

b2a76ef0-4257-48e9-b706-0f7e55029b42-1
00:11:11.775 --> 00:11:12.640
the atmosphere.

67c885c9-8b56-4a0a-a267-029313540d5f-0
00:11:13.120 --> 00:11:16.640
It is then putting it below ground with
high sedimentation rates.

6fd46500-74a3-46d6-a838-946256ce88fd-0
00:11:16.880 --> 00:11:20.841
So tidal wetlands are these coastal
sponges, they're absorbing sediment,

6fd46500-74a3-46d6-a838-946256ce88fd-1
00:11:20.841 --> 00:11:24.260
they're taking atmosphere or taking CO2
out of the atmosphere,

6fd46500-74a3-46d6-a838-946256ce88fd-2
00:11:24.260 --> 00:11:26.919
storing it below ground with high
sedimentation.

4e41fafc-db91-4a77-b7b8-1ef480c13bb7-0
00:11:27.200 --> 00:11:30.480
And once it's below ground,
they're also anoxic environments.

c7448fd6-0741-4af2-8bef-16be29a6e2e5-0
00:11:30.640 --> 00:11:32.680
So there's low decomposition rates.

2ec6aaf4-0389-4023-a185-f96d4cc19847-0
00:11:32.840 --> 00:11:34.560
The carbon isn't being consumed.

196b0be9-09b8-4598-9277-2e16b433953c-0
00:11:34.560 --> 00:11:38.520
It's going to be stored for a long period
of time below ground and out of our

196b0be9-09b8-4598-9277-2e16b433953c-1
00:11:38.520 --> 00:11:39.840
atmosphere, which is good.

4d438456-3606-4e16-9612-3c51807e77c9-0
00:11:40.520 --> 00:11:43.520
And so these environments are extremely
efficient.

4d53bf08-c52c-47ba-8ed3-1a4bc964f488-0
00:11:44.280 --> 00:11:49.172
They're estimated to store more carbon
per unit area than forests at rates of 30

4d53bf08-c52c-47ba-8ed3-1a4bc964f488-1
00:11:49.172 --> 00:11:50.320
to 50 times faster.

3461999c-290c-4d29-be27-fe02ffa76e1d-0
00:11:51.520 --> 00:11:57.959
And they also are estimated to sequester
about 116 teragrams of blue carbon per

3461999c-290c-4d29-be27-fe02ffa76e1d-1
00:11:57.959 --> 00:12:01.742
year,
which equates to about 61 million pickup

3461999c-290c-4d29-be27-fe02ffa76e1d-2
00:12:01.742 --> 00:12:04.560
truckloads of blue carbon per year.

0ec7d09f-26f4-4045-af67-c805419cf4eb-0
00:12:06.440 --> 00:12:10.544
And so that leads to the question,
if we're having more intense hurricanes,

0ec7d09f-26f4-4045-af67-c805419cf4eb-1
00:12:10.544 --> 00:12:13.838
they're hitting our coast,
if they hit these tidal wetlands,

0ec7d09f-26f4-4045-af67-c805419cf4eb-2
00:12:13.838 --> 00:12:18.320
what are those hurricanes going to do to
the carbon cycle in those tidal wetlands?

a83ddc3f-d9a4-4e9f-90d0-e328a9fc2b55-0
00:12:18.320 --> 00:12:20.480
How would they impact the carbon?

75113fc8-bcc0-4601-a008-ff6d80418f2e-0
00:12:20.920 --> 00:12:23.480
So we're going to take two different
approaches to look at this.

963f6b9c-e994-427b-89ee-17f5f42ec26b-0
00:12:23.480 --> 00:12:28.089
We're going to look in the modern time,
when a storm hits a coast today,

963f6b9c-e994-427b-89ee-17f5f42ec26b-1
00:12:28.089 --> 00:12:29.920
what happens with the carbon?

0f66066e-011f-44be-b5e2-16ed97067041-0
00:12:30.120 --> 00:12:33.848
Then also we're going to try to take a
look at this historically and turn on our

0f66066e-011f-44be-b5e2-16ed97067041-1
00:12:33.848 --> 00:12:35.920
geological brain to think about in the
past.

ee5108c6-5f23-407c-bd55-7f15d849ed0c-0
00:12:35.920 --> 00:12:38.040
What can we learn from the past?

98739e7e-a37d-4308-8ea6-3c85898da33a-0
00:12:38.600 --> 00:12:44.015
And this is information is important
because our main governing body for

98739e7e-a37d-4308-8ea6-3c85898da33a-1
00:12:44.015 --> 00:12:47.724
climate change,
the IPCC from the United Nations,

98739e7e-a37d-4308-8ea6-3c85898da33a-2
00:12:47.724 --> 00:12:51.360
is telling us that tidal wetlands are
important.

b021ef73-348b-4b6e-97a5-49c61af950db-0
00:12:51.480 --> 00:12:53.120
They do store CO2.

77f17055-4fd2-43da-a512-8236b4772352-0
00:12:53.240 --> 00:12:57.695
They may also have CO2 be emitted,
but they don't currently account for that

77f17055-4fd2-43da-a512-8236b4772352-1
00:12:57.695 --> 00:13:01.920
in their climate projections because of
lack of data, lack of knowledge.

c7144f7d-3513-448e-86b4-3773ee82fabe-0
00:13:02.280 --> 00:13:07.034
So we're trying to really help the IPCC
with understanding how these important

c7144f7d-3513-448e-86b4-3773ee82fabe-1
00:13:07.034 --> 00:13:08.960
environments are cycling carbon.

1402fcff-0bb2-48d7-80d8-bb421e0904ca-0
00:13:10.800 --> 00:13:16.621
So in the modern time, I've built this,
what I call a soil gas well,

1402fcff-0bb2-48d7-80d8-bb421e0904ca-1
00:13:16.621 --> 00:13:20.840
to measure CO2 gas that is emitted from
the soil.

d6baf172-8d8e-49bc-be3f-509ecc31d322-0
00:13:20.840 --> 00:13:25.072
So it's carbon that's in the soil and
then becomes in the gas state to be

d6baf172-8d8e-49bc-be3f-509ecc31d322-1
00:13:25.072 --> 00:13:26.560
emitted to the atmosphere.

d576c2b8-984c-42cb-b829-ae299c750380-0
00:13:26.920 --> 00:13:29.920
And how we measure that is with CO2 gas
flux.

b58c0456-6146-4e0b-9382-d8a016c519f5-0
00:13:30.960 --> 00:13:35.320
So a flux is a changing concentration
over a time.

6ece0768-ee1a-4799-9627-b70f60d95c97-0
00:13:35.600 --> 00:13:41.051
You multiply that by the ideal gas law
and you have that over a known area of

6ece0768-ee1a-4799-9627-b70f60d95c97-1
00:13:41.051 --> 00:13:41.680
our well.

f64f6a38-f2cc-45ba-b47d-5e319a54905b-0
00:13:42.240 --> 00:13:45.360
So for our system,
we have a sensor in our well.

6b45cf14-af37-42a6-809a-ad8991a0e1fb-0
00:13:45.360 --> 00:13:48.840
It's measuring that concentration over a
given amount of time.

e7c75d56-7054-4308-8702-c205cc4b8b67-0
00:13:49.040 --> 00:13:54.400
And we have our known area of the well to
see CO2 gases fluxing from the soil.

3efe4027-3e09-42b0-92a0-bbb09baa2d1d-0
00:13:54.680 --> 00:13:59.709
But in a tidal wetland,
we have to take into the consideration of

3efe4027-3e09-42b0-92a0-bbb09baa2d1d-1
00:13:59.709 --> 00:14:01.920
surface water for the fluxes.

c336ce43-2fb8-4820-9afb-8655bc11b79c-0
00:14:01.920 --> 00:14:05.664
So we're in a tidal wetland,
so we have to account for our surface

c336ce43-2fb8-4820-9afb-8655bc11b79c-1
00:14:05.664 --> 00:14:06.000
water.

768f1d65-fc2a-45b2-ab13-c44667ea0293-0
00:14:07.040 --> 00:14:11.859
So we built the system to be able to
float with rising tides as tides come in

768f1d65-fc2a-45b2-ab13-c44667ea0293-1
00:14:11.859 --> 00:14:13.960
and sink when those tides go down.

6003454c-4a27-44c1-8286-82fd763de0e8-0
00:14:14.640 --> 00:14:20.331
Our sensor is protected above water,
so it's not damage to collect those CO2

6003454c-4a27-44c1-8286-82fd763de0e8-1
00:14:20.331 --> 00:14:21.440
concentrations.

27e0a2ba-503c-442c-9fee-4dfddd6c5fe9-0
00:14:21.720 --> 00:14:26.200
And it is also a pretty strong system to
withstand those hurricanes.

b03edad6-a8bd-44c8-925c-268119a1b676-0
00:14:26.440 --> 00:14:27.880
They're high energy systems.

b631a580-0a6a-4b7e-a297-21bd8454d026-0
00:14:27.880 --> 00:14:31.194
When they're coming in,
we want to be able to collect or

b631a580-0a6a-4b7e-a297-21bd8454d026-1
00:14:31.194 --> 00:14:34.160
concentrations throughout the extent of
the storm.

eb5d4755-6157-45d3-8286-1158b3dea94e-0
00:14:34.760 --> 00:14:37.920
And these systems are also normally in
remote locations.

451957ae-ab05-45ac-a06d-127273ed9f4b-0
00:14:37.920 --> 00:14:40.680
Tidal wetlands are difficult to navigate
and get through.

377f150f-9c72-437a-8adc-996cd9234b18-0
00:14:40.960 --> 00:14:44.906
So our systems are connected to a cell
tower so that we can collect our data in

377f150f-9c72-437a-8adc-996cd9234b18-1
00:14:44.906 --> 00:14:45.400
real time.

0366ad5b-9551-4d44-a88e-462c07fd5bf0-0
00:14:45.640 --> 00:14:48.006
Also,
just in case our system gets blown away,

0366ad5b-9551-4d44-a88e-462c07fd5bf0-1
00:14:48.006 --> 00:14:51.883
we can then know what the data looked
like before the system got washed away

0366ad5b-9551-4d44-a88e-462c07fd5bf0-2
00:14:51.883 --> 00:14:52.840
with the hurricane.

2c0f2748-ab9f-415c-97c9-eb8f9ac7cb1f-0
00:14:55.280 --> 00:14:58.720
And for the data that we'll look at,
we're going to look at Netflux.

f07a8638-e9a9-469e-859e-efa3336de9c5-0
00:14:58.720 --> 00:15:03.468
So adding together all of those flux
calculations that we're completing with

f07a8638-e9a9-469e-859e-efa3336de9c5-1
00:15:03.468 --> 00:15:04.640
those measurements.

c7fb229b-dbbe-49f3-b993-0a2d443dd5a7-0
00:15:05.080 --> 00:15:09.490
And for those Netflux calculations,
if it is a positive value,

c7fb229b-dbbe-49f3-b993-0a2d443dd5a7-1
00:15:09.490 --> 00:15:14.600
that means that the system is fluxing or
emitting CO2 to the atmosphere.

76dba3b9-44c6-4f68-8c74-a0ab07983933-0
00:15:14.920 --> 00:15:19.113
And if it's a negative value,
that means that CO2 is being absorbed by

76dba3b9-44c6-4f68-8c74-a0ab07983933-1
00:15:19.113 --> 00:15:22.480
the environment or being sequestered by
the environment.

3f8fa156-7667-4cee-a0a9-dc71db87803d-0
00:15:24.480 --> 00:15:28.409
And lucky for me,
I deployed these stations in the North

3f8fa156-7667-4cee-a0a9-dc71db87803d-1
00:15:28.409 --> 00:15:31.994
Inlet Wenya Bay National Estrogen
Research Reserve,

3f8fa156-7667-4cee-a0a9-dc71db87803d-2
00:15:31.994 --> 00:15:37.165
which is managed by the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration in

3f8fa156-7667-4cee-a0a9-dc71db87803d-3
00:15:37.165 --> 00:15:38.200
Georgetown, SC.

7ea08eef-a373-416f-83fe-3d3d825cea59-0
00:15:38.440 --> 00:15:42.950
And I was probably the only person who
thought I was lucky to be hit by

7ea08eef-a373-416f-83fe-3d3d825cea59-1
00:15:42.950 --> 00:15:46.458
Hurricane Ian,
which was a category one storm that came

7ea08eef-a373-416f-83fe-3d3d825cea59-2
00:15:46.458 --> 00:15:46.960
through.

2e8d923b-cbb4-4a00-8620-a803ea6f9213-0
00:15:46.960 --> 00:15:50.491
And you can see how the environment
changed with these photos that were taken

2e8d923b-cbb4-4a00-8620-a803ea6f9213-1
00:15:50.491 --> 00:15:51.080
in real time.

52150c0b-ac8a-4856-87d3-f024e5118550-0
00:15:51.600 --> 00:15:54.160
This is the wetland prior to Hurricane
Ian.

c2879870-0c7d-478a-81ae-430c3e3dc5b1-0
00:15:54.360 --> 00:15:58.238
This is the wetland during the peak of
Hurricane Ian,

c2879870-0c7d-478a-81ae-430c3e3dc5b1-1
00:15:58.238 --> 00:16:04.200
so bringing in storm surge rain winds and
it went directly through our study site.

4c7d8c5c-9e67-4290-bef9-166e685e44a0-0
00:16:05.200 --> 00:16:10.983
And during that landfall of Hurricane Ian,
my collected CO2 flux measurements for

4c7d8c5c-9e67-4290-bef9-166e685e44a0-1
00:16:10.983 --> 00:16:16.484
about four weeks prior to hurricane in,
during the extent of hurricane in and

4c7d8c5c-9e67-4290-bef9-166e685e44a0-2
00:16:16.484 --> 00:16:18.600
four weeks after hurricane in.

49cfe566-8feb-482f-b110-8de7ce89eee9-0
00:16:18.960 --> 00:16:22.779
And if you zoom in,
we have our regular raw CO2

49cfe566-8feb-482f-b110-8de7ce89eee9-1
00:16:22.779 --> 00:16:26.440
concentrations applied to that flux
equation.

07f696fc-e0a5-4077-bd6a-505cfe8295db-0
00:16:26.680 --> 00:16:32.806
You can zoom in to closer values to see
specific time periods,

07f696fc-e0a5-4077-bd6a-505cfe8295db-1
00:16:32.806 --> 00:16:37.960
so 724824 hours before,
same time period afterwards.

0b77fda4-2f7e-4f67-9478-d4ad7718e2fd-0
00:16:38.200 --> 00:16:39.920
But these are just a lot of information.

9b83851e-b3bc-48aa-95de-e80ee405fc60-0
00:16:39.920 --> 00:16:44.680
A lot of wiggles are collecting a lot of
data to try to really understand that CO2.

2b6444dd-4a4b-4aaa-b7ae-90da933230a4-0
00:16:46.320 --> 00:16:52.269
And if we apply this to that net flux
equation to kind of get a more broadview,

2b6444dd-4a4b-4aaa-b7ae-90da933230a4-1
00:16:52.269 --> 00:16:56.508
we can calculate on each day over a 24
hour time period,

2b6444dd-4a4b-4aaa-b7ae-90da933230a4-2
00:16:56.508 --> 00:17:02.160
was the system generally emitting CO2 or
was it generally sequestering CO2?

46fe1148-39bc-4c6e-9421-606c7ff1dd2f-0
00:17:02.640 --> 00:17:08.320
And we can also add those up for weeks
prior to and weeks after Hurricane Ian.

cabdf044-2622-41f8-b6c0-febc7a819688-0
00:17:09.080 --> 00:17:13.040
And so on a daily basis,
the environmental systems change.

e1374ff6-0d15-4d63-99f6-2c29a6f8dc73-0
00:17:13.120 --> 00:17:17.760
The system could be emitting one day and
then sequestering the next day.

aafca3cc-3ec3-4164-97d3-376ea5be148c-0
00:17:17.760 --> 00:17:22.622
But generally over the four week period
prior to Hurricane Ian,

aafca3cc-3ec3-4164-97d3-376ea5be148c-1
00:17:22.622 --> 00:17:27.560
we are generally sequestering CO2 in
north in in South Carolina.

d3325557-c251-4d4d-b383-8e056f899dfe-0
00:17:28.240 --> 00:17:31.859
And then during the 24 hour period of
Hurricane Ian,

d3325557-c251-4d4d-b383-8e056f899dfe-1
00:17:31.859 --> 00:17:33.840
we're sequestering CO2 again.

188f2433-0810-496c-8d6b-77dcff42714f-0
00:17:34.360 --> 00:17:39.360
And then following Hurricane Ian,
our system started to emit CO2.

2f8dad8c-a278-4f0d-b48d-920fb6d56567-0
00:17:40.760 --> 00:17:43.652
And so to give a brief kind of summary of
that,

2f8dad8c-a278-4f0d-b48d-920fb6d56567-1
00:17:43.652 --> 00:17:47.751
prior to Hurricane Ian for those four
weeks we're sequestering CO2,

2f8dad8c-a278-4f0d-b48d-920fb6d56567-2
00:17:47.751 --> 00:17:49.680
it's going into our soils, oops.

3497f11f-ca59-4eeb-8e93-56f526fde43c-0
00:17:50.680 --> 00:17:55.645
During Hurricane Ian,
that 24 hour period of Hurricane Ian,

3497f11f-ca59-4eeb-8e93-56f526fde43c-1
00:17:55.645 --> 00:18:00.776
we're sequestering oops,
technical difficulties and then post

3497f11f-ca59-4eeb-8e93-56f526fde43c-2
00:18:00.776 --> 00:18:05.080
hurricane in we are then emitting CO2 for
24 hours.

7ed9b761-16f6-415d-95fe-9a5dc84de8f5-0
00:18:06.760 --> 00:18:11.000
So that is kind of a broadview of a long
time period prior to hurricane in.

a6769716-a05f-430e-bb49-241e3366c32e-0
00:18:11.240 --> 00:18:14.449
If we want to just worry about hurricane
in itself,

a6769716-a05f-430e-bb49-241e3366c32e-1
00:18:14.449 --> 00:18:18.647
how we measure hurricanes before I said
it's a low pressure system,

a6769716-a05f-430e-bb49-241e3366c32e-2
00:18:18.647 --> 00:18:23.400
we can take a look at when the pressure
starts to change in the environment.

8a3edd82-3734-48a1-8f65-56ff3bd38db2-0
00:18:23.400 --> 00:18:25.720
So we're also collecting meteorological
data.

1f3a23f6-e093-4900-a9e1-79b6c87a3e52-0
00:18:26.520 --> 00:18:29.871
So in the environment,
when this pressure starts to drop,

1f3a23f6-e093-4900-a9e1-79b6c87a3e52-1
00:18:29.871 --> 00:18:32.586
that means the hurricane is coming on to
land,

1f3a23f6-e093-4900-a9e1-79b6c87a3e52-2
00:18:32.586 --> 00:18:35.360
that eye of the hurricane is coming on to
land.

9a5ae680-a838-4dcf-9613-8d794171ea9e-0
00:18:35.600 --> 00:18:39.400
We can take a look at what the CO2 flux
is occurring then.

81fc1a95-76cf-4b77-8995-ce2f095214e1-0
00:18:40.640 --> 00:18:45.298
So when the storm is coming on to land
and the storm is falling on land,

81fc1a95-76cf-4b77-8995-ce2f095214e1-1
00:18:45.298 --> 00:18:46.320
we are emitting.

703c05ba-1fec-4af0-9d73-9ae5f7d0530e-0
00:18:46.880 --> 00:18:52.426
Once that eye passes the system,
the pressure starts to go back up and we

703c05ba-1fec-4af0-9d73-9ae5f7d0530e-1
00:18:52.426 --> 00:18:54.000
are sequestering CO2.

11139339-04bf-4aab-acfa-23c9a18edf89-0
00:18:54.360 --> 00:18:59.069
But over the course of the eye making
landfall and then moving inland,

11139339-04bf-4aab-acfa-23c9a18edf89-1
00:18:59.069 --> 00:19:02.120
it was a general emission of atmospheric
CO2.

3dc54f87-7c61-4457-92d5-da34763e6e44-0
00:19:04.120 --> 00:19:07.160
And we also know that these storms bring
in water.

1ec3011f-b608-4953-93d9-fd3dadf28988-0
00:19:07.600 --> 00:19:12.120
So as the storm comes in,
those water levels are going to rise.

d8045b34-e646-49d9-bd0e-de4e1cc96638-0
00:19:12.560 --> 00:19:15.840
As those water levels rise,
we can see what's happening to the CO2.

e1244193-fc2f-4e28-957e-96e384fb7944-0
00:19:16.080 --> 00:19:19.516
As the storm moves inland,
those water levels will go back down to

e1244193-fc2f-4e28-957e-96e384fb7944-1
00:19:19.516 --> 00:19:20.440
normal conditions.

5cf07416-e031-414e-a0cb-70bee8b9a2b7-0
00:19:20.680 --> 00:19:22.520
We can see what's happening to the CO2.

10580995-22e2-49d2-8a70-69b2b697b605-0
00:19:22.520 --> 00:19:27.200
So as water levels rise,
storm made landfall, we're emitting CO2.

5e0728ec-b30b-4c72-a1ed-74d3af0b4e8c-0
00:19:27.560 --> 00:19:31.280
As the storm moved inland,
we started to sequester CO2.

2a8e12db-f2ba-4029-b3bc-afdc2f54da95-0
00:19:31.280 --> 00:19:34.769
But over the whole course of the storm
coming inland, rising waters,

2a8e12db-f2ba-4029-b3bc-afdc2f54da95-1
00:19:34.769 --> 00:19:36.640
and then those waters went back down.

b2a8d3b9-d6b1-4b64-a5d2-5f6cfd5cf1a3-0
00:19:36.640 --> 00:19:40.360
We were generally emitting CO2 during the
storm itself.

2471c7f5-7cb3-4d54-9805-f8c836d3d155-0
00:19:41.560 --> 00:19:44.819
So again,
quick summary of the storm of Hurricane

2471c7f5-7cb3-4d54-9805-f8c836d3d155-1
00:19:44.819 --> 00:19:45.080
Ian.

4277e4c5-cefe-436a-ac5e-cbb216f58b3e-0
00:19:45.240 --> 00:19:49.280
When Hurricane Ian made landfall,
we were emitting CO2.

fe20b5d7-3f46-4947-9542-3893a40b903e-0
00:19:49.280 --> 00:19:53.440
It's bringing a lot of energy churning
off those soils, emitting CO2.

d5785e6d-3c0d-48a2-8f5e-893b4d53c83f-0
00:19:53.720 --> 00:19:56.480
Once the storm went inland,
things started to settle down.

a9e3a6fc-b860-4686-9974-13d14cbb5ac3-0
00:19:56.480 --> 00:20:00.240
We were sequestering CO2 over the whole
course of the storm.

9fdb6fb7-3ef2-46c4-8d7e-2963a0a6d872-0
00:20:00.400 --> 00:20:04.160
The storm caused general emission of CO2.

4aafa00c-60d1-41df-9940-772d36bb624a-0
00:20:05.960 --> 00:20:09.690
And so we don't only want to worry about
just when the storm is happening,

4aafa00c-60d1-41df-9940-772d36bb624a-1
00:20:09.690 --> 00:20:11.680
we want to think about this environment.

dc261ae1-8706-4ab9-90f4-13d054846952-0
00:20:11.680 --> 00:20:13.440
The environment's going to stay there.

20cd1841-0feb-44de-9814-332328de44ef-0
00:20:13.600 --> 00:20:17.920
So what were the lasting effects of
Hurricane Ian on that environment?

60967630-1d60-48ce-9342-511882814e4d-0
00:20:18.320 --> 00:20:21.953
So we know that over the 24 hour period
of Hurricane Ian,

60967630-1d60-48ce-9342-511882814e4d-1
00:20:21.953 --> 00:20:23.520
we were sequestering CO2.

444d599e-657c-4ced-ac8a-4deffb506090-0
00:20:23.800 --> 00:20:26.560
So sequestering memory is going to be
those negative values.

083bea2f-92ce-4f44-95dd-dd4c8ed28621-0
00:20:26.560 --> 00:20:28.080
We got to go below 0.

65ede8cc-a7a6-41c8-9b95-e191b780cd67-0
00:20:29.120 --> 00:20:33.763
Well, after Hurricane Ian,
our environment didn't go back to a net

65ede8cc-a7a6-41c8-9b95-e191b780cd67-1
00:20:33.763 --> 00:20:36.120
sequestration until December 22nd.

ab17bbf4-638f-4cf7-837e-9a1123936ac0-0
00:20:36.160 --> 00:20:39.680
So the landfall happened on September
30th.

40a19e19-83c6-4e82-a245-fd8c74725579-0
00:20:39.840 --> 00:20:44.658
So about 3 months it took for the system
to go back to its net sequestration,

40a19e19-83c6-4e82-a245-fd8c74725579-1
00:20:44.658 --> 00:20:49.600
so for the system to recalibrate itself
and get back to that nut sequestration.

51c291ce-5aa1-488c-b65e-f84544ba0de5-0
00:20:49.600 --> 00:20:53.320
But it is also important to note we did
have some equipment maintenance.

7d852632-779d-4541-95cc-cf768b04d48d-0
00:20:53.320 --> 00:20:55.200
So we do have some data gaps in there.

60fb05c9-7602-4927-84d0-09df02376b39-0
00:20:55.440 --> 00:20:58.759
But with the data that we have,
it took three months for the system to

60fb05c9-7602-4927-84d0-09df02376b39-1
00:20:58.759 --> 00:20:59.320
recalibrate.

ffd5f778-0ba9-41e0-a8e3-3642da68bd6d-0
00:21:01.800 --> 00:21:05.060
So in summary,
what we learned about Hurricane Ian in

ffd5f778-0ba9-41e0-a8e3-3642da68bd6d-1
00:21:05.060 --> 00:21:09.708
the modern time is that Hurricane Ian
came in and brought a lot of energy to

ffd5f778-0ba9-41e0-a8e3-3642da68bd6d-2
00:21:09.708 --> 00:21:12.787
the system,
and that energy that it brought to the

ffd5f778-0ba9-41e0-a8e3-3642da68bd6d-3
00:21:12.787 --> 00:21:17.134
system churned up some sediment,
churned up some CO2 and released it to

ffd5f778-0ba9-41e0-a8e3-3642da68bd6d-4
00:21:17.134 --> 00:21:18.039
the atmosphere.

8c238e94-a50d-442e-9c3e-18234618b8c2-0
00:21:18.320 --> 00:21:22.360
So that's what we learned from studying
Hurricane Ian in real time.

3c4ce3c3-e0ca-471c-97ed-66a222e410d0-0
00:21:23.160 --> 00:21:25.626
But again,
if we turn on our geology hat and we

3c4ce3c3-e0ca-471c-97ed-66a222e410d0-1
00:21:25.626 --> 00:21:27.991
think about we learned this in the real
time,

3c4ce3c3-e0ca-471c-97ed-66a222e410d0-2
00:21:27.991 --> 00:21:31.640
but there's been a lot of hurricanes,
there's a lot of tidal wetlands.

86adfeec-4cf6-428d-bb33-91b2c398c9e0-0
00:21:31.640 --> 00:21:34.360
What can we learn from past storms?

ab7aad37-55bf-4643-afdb-b43ee1e8a97f-0
00:21:34.560 --> 00:21:38.434
So those tidal wetlands were emitting
atmospheric CO2,

ab7aad37-55bf-4643-afdb-b43ee1e8a97f-1
00:21:38.434 --> 00:21:42.520
but can they also store atmospheric 02
following a storm?

686b655b-5c91-4953-a664-e16524b1aaa1-0
00:21:42.920 --> 00:21:45.200
Can we see that with past events?

92d5349a-bb83-47c0-b993-41443e49add2-0
00:21:45.720 --> 00:21:49.612
So our approach to do this was to collect
sediment cores,

92d5349a-bb83-47c0-b993-41443e49add2-1
00:21:49.612 --> 00:21:54.846
taking a drilled core out of the ground
and analysing that sediment to try to

92d5349a-bb83-47c0-b993-41443e49add2-2
00:21:54.846 --> 00:22:00.281
tell a story of past hurricanes by taking
a look at carbon concentrations in the

92d5349a-bb83-47c0-b993-41443e49add2-3
00:22:00.281 --> 00:22:04.643
sediment, taking a look at particle size,
radio graphic imagery,

92d5349a-bb83-47c0-b993-41443e49add2-4
00:22:04.643 --> 00:22:06.120
and isotopic analysis.

d363876e-e70e-44c9-b1ad-ce27278888c2-0
00:22:07.000 --> 00:22:12.358
So our goal with those sediment cores is
to again tell a story of past storm

d363876e-e70e-44c9-b1ad-ce27278888c2-1
00:22:12.358 --> 00:22:17.160
events and what was happening with carbon
during those storm events.

b131a722-87dd-4098-8194-b4199c2d6f90-0
00:22:17.480 --> 00:22:20.413
So to do that,
first we have to figure out the carbon

b131a722-87dd-4098-8194-b4199c2d6f90-1
00:22:20.413 --> 00:22:21.880
concentration in the soils.

b697d182-5b8b-42b9-a199-a7d71c488a62-0
00:22:22.400 --> 00:22:25.200
To do that, we do elemental analysis.

909b7021-c873-486b-9eff-d308d22fd62b-0
00:22:25.320 --> 00:22:29.680
So we combust our soils and we measure
the percent carbon within those soils.

ecd8a683-9366-4a25-beeb-0107c687b166-0
00:22:31.040 --> 00:22:33.040
We also use particle size analysis.

b2fe36e5-d96f-4130-8693-d10806a326ee-0
00:22:33.040 --> 00:22:36.080
So we know the carbon concentration,
but we have to find a storm.

459d0f73-0649-42ef-ad8f-0385a8879ff6-0
00:22:36.840 --> 00:22:39.240
And when storms come,
they bring that water.

dfd6d446-786f-4416-b276-e4db5fc2eee6-0
00:22:39.320 --> 00:22:42.126
Like we talked about high energy,
high energy flows,

dfd6d446-786f-4416-b276-e4db5fc2eee6-1
00:22:42.126 --> 00:22:44.880
they're going to be able to carry larger
particles.

10777f96-741d-4dda-a85b-3dd0a567a2c5-0
00:22:45.440 --> 00:22:50.253
So we're going to look for those larger
particles in these generally fine grain

10777f96-741d-4dda-a85b-3dd0a567a2c5-1
00:22:50.253 --> 00:22:52.360
tidal wetlands to indicate a storm.

85716166-1e97-4d64-83a5-18b377d5c4a3-0
00:22:52.720 --> 00:22:55.920
We're going to try to back that up with
radio graphic imaging.

1a5dda2f-3fff-417e-b105-1b0db98455c7-0
00:22:55.920 --> 00:22:59.790
So taking X-rays, again,
those large flows can carry dense

1a5dda2f-3fff-417e-b105-1b0db98455c7-1
00:22:59.790 --> 00:23:03.201
material,
bring those dense material to those tidal

1a5dda2f-3fff-417e-b105-1b0db98455c7-2
00:23:03.201 --> 00:23:05.760
wetlands, which are usually fine grain.

345223e5-8cca-4e1e-86fe-2da961ef166f-0
00:23:06.680 --> 00:23:08.680
I mean, X-ray shoots X-ray beams.

e44e3a71-b553-49ad-8be1-cdfcd0164f2f-0
00:23:08.680 --> 00:23:13.024
If you're thinking about the ones you get
in the hospital, they go through your arm,

e44e3a71-b553-49ad-8be1-cdfcd0164f2f-1
00:23:13.024 --> 00:23:15.120
your dense bone collects the X-ray beams.

275e3552-e257-475e-8776-f419964f9455-0
00:23:15.520 --> 00:23:20.233
We're going to do the same thing but with
our sediment cores to try to find dense

275e3552-e257-475e-8776-f419964f9455-1
00:23:20.233 --> 00:23:24.544
material to indicate the storms,
and then also isotopic analysis to get an

275e3552-e257-475e-8776-f419964f9455-2
00:23:24.544 --> 00:23:28.625
age date of the material to age date that
storm as well as determine a

275e3552-e257-475e-8776-f419964f9455-3
00:23:28.625 --> 00:23:30.120
sedimentation rate for us.

464d1f43-2ff7-42af-a754-4d6416a25751-0
00:23:31.400 --> 00:23:33.920
So what we have to do is take a look at
our peaks.

6a367b71-bdba-4141-b802-347cf195dd1e-0
00:23:34.000 --> 00:23:37.960
So we have our percent carbon that is
down core.

2edf8553-c41a-4f60-bd8c-6d5d88bb2bad-0
00:23:37.960 --> 00:23:39.720
So here is our sediment core.

6e0bd6d1-175e-47d2-823d-0e239d219359-0
00:23:40.480 --> 00:23:41.960
We have our percent carbon.

6a6fa9d6-c876-4075-820b-e52e2aebf51d-0
00:23:41.960 --> 00:23:44.160
How much carbon is in that sediment?

9971a971-d4ba-4dd8-ade5-767441cac927-0
00:23:44.280 --> 00:23:45.960
We're looking for high peaks.

c4c70a40-0413-431b-82d1-633d971a4a2f-0
00:23:45.960 --> 00:23:47.640
That means we have a lot of carbon.

205f3502-e772-401d-8b42-acaba127be60-0
00:23:48.640 --> 00:23:51.320
We also need to take a look at our grain
size and compare that.

03d7cfba-927a-4d93-8f6f-afc244273c71-0
00:23:51.520 --> 00:23:55.912
Do our peaks of high carbon correlate
with peaks of larger grains,

03d7cfba-927a-4d93-8f6f-afc244273c71-1
00:23:55.912 --> 00:23:59.781
indicating that maybe there was a storm
that came through,

03d7cfba-927a-4d93-8f6f-afc244273c71-2
00:23:59.781 --> 00:24:04.764
brought those large grains and also
brought some carbon with those flows to

03d7cfba-927a-4d93-8f6f-afc244273c71-3
00:24:04.764 --> 00:24:06.600
be deposited in the wetland?

e27f85df-1aba-4dd1-b648-e2144e723e96-0
00:24:07.000 --> 00:24:11.040
And then do those peaks also correlate to
radio graphic images?

eb2e9fa0-830a-45ec-a572-00e07a43583f-0
00:24:11.320 --> 00:24:16.440
So we found potentially 4 events that
could show this correlation.

62d31f7a-fb3a-41bb-991a-b1a1d9cee73f-0
00:24:17.480 --> 00:24:22.509
But really what was interesting that we
found is as we are looking at if we're

62d31f7a-fb3a-41bb-991a-b1a1d9cee73f-1
00:24:22.509 --> 00:24:27.220
finding these changes in carbon
concentration coming with sediment that's

62d31f7a-fb3a-41bb-991a-b1a1d9cee73f-2
00:24:27.220 --> 00:24:31.613
going with these large flows,
we're trying to figure out that carbon

62d31f7a-fb3a-41bb-991a-b1a1d9cee73f-3
00:24:31.613 --> 00:24:34.159
storage or the carbon accumulation rate.

62dc64f6-e515-4501-9cb0-308fc832fe67-0
00:24:34.400 --> 00:24:39.418
If we can take our carbon concentrations
and compare those to the sedimentation

62dc64f6-e515-4501-9cb0-308fc832fe67-1
00:24:39.418 --> 00:24:42.366
rate,
we can see approximately how much carbon

62dc64f6-e515-4501-9cb0-308fc832fe67-2
00:24:42.366 --> 00:24:45.880
these wetlands are storing over a given
amount of time.

3cd0bb20-cf7c-4da8-bf48-7cac58cf0e06-0
00:24:46.520 --> 00:24:53.692
And the East Coast range for tidal
wetlands for the carbon accumulation rate

3cd0bb20-cf7c-4da8-bf48-7cac58cf0e06-1
00:24:53.692 --> 00:24:59.560
is between 25 to 155 grams of carbon over
a ^2 meter per year.

55e6044e-6378-4426-80ec-eabb0b01ea60-0
00:24:59.960 --> 00:25:01.560
So that's a pretty big range.

d37bb474-076e-4e79-95af-f48469166e60-0
00:25:01.640 --> 00:25:05.840
These tidal wetlands are differing
greatly along the East Coast.

258847d8-b03f-4455-8c2b-1503e12b2317-0
00:25:06.360 --> 00:25:11.582
And what we found in our environment from
the two places that we took sediment

258847d8-b03f-4455-8c2b-1503e12b2317-1
00:25:11.582 --> 00:25:15.880
cores is closer to the inlet of the tidal
wetland at Town Creek.

ebc06cec-d531-4e0c-96f6-e97b98c532fe-0
00:25:16.600 --> 00:25:22.422
And we took a sediment core over towards
Winyah Bay at No Man's Friend Creek on

ebc06cec-d531-4e0c-96f6-e97b98c532fe-1
00:25:22.422 --> 00:25:25.480
the on the outskirts of the tidal wetland.

9a4330ec-6356-4195-8df1-225ee54cba46-0
00:25:25.480 --> 00:25:30.690
And what we found is there's only a 3.
4 kilometer distance between these points,

9a4330ec-6356-4195-8df1-225ee54cba46-1
00:25:30.690 --> 00:25:35.392
but they differed greatly in their carbon
concentrations and their carbon

9a4330ec-6356-4195-8df1-225ee54cba46-2
00:25:35.392 --> 00:25:36.600
accumulation rates.

05adb540-f5d9-4d1c-8440-d7da0b08b9c4-0
00:25:37.280 --> 00:25:42.280
So this location at No Man's Friend Creek
had a very high sedimentation rate.

6469b235-1547-4bf7-966c-4d22e9019f76-0
00:25:42.720 --> 00:25:48.898
It also had a lot of carbon and we
hypothesize this because no man's friend

6469b235-1547-4bf7-966c-4d22e9019f76-1
00:25:48.898 --> 00:25:52.720
Creaks watershed is 47,
000 square kilometers.

311a2bb7-d816-4eb8-9cf8-6adea9f2ca70-0
00:25:53.000 --> 00:25:57.200
It is the second largest watershed on the
East Coast after the Chesapeake Bay.

038840e4-8f99-427f-ba9d-634970fd0483-0
00:25:57.520 --> 00:26:02.712
That means it's bringing a lot of
terrestrial carbon down to the wetland,

038840e4-8f99-427f-ba9d-634970fd0483-1
00:26:02.712 --> 00:26:07.063
being deposited in the wetland with high
sedimentation rates,

038840e4-8f99-427f-ba9d-634970fd0483-2
00:26:07.063 --> 00:26:12.816
pushing that carbon below ground compared
to Town Creek has a much lower sediment

038840e4-8f99-427f-ba9d-634970fd0483-3
00:26:12.816 --> 00:26:14.080
accumulation rate.

c1dafa4c-b7bf-494b-9ed4-aa5200dba8eb-0
00:26:14.240 --> 00:26:17.600
And we also see a lot lower carbon
concentrations.

0bb3a48d-5986-4764-9a7b-7125aaeb3aea-0
00:26:17.800 --> 00:26:21.114
It's pulling carbon from a lot smaller
watershed,

0bb3a48d-5986-4764-9a7b-7125aaeb3aea-1
00:26:21.114 --> 00:26:25.755
not able to get those carbon
concentrations and not able to bury them

0bb3a48d-5986-4764-9a7b-7125aaeb3aea-2
00:26:25.755 --> 00:26:27.279
with the sedimentation.

0f07cf35-be4e-4795-a4a3-7712f4144d22-0
00:26:27.840 --> 00:26:32.836
So what this tells us is that carbon
accumulation may come with high sediment

0f07cf35-be4e-4795-a4a3-7712f4144d22-1
00:26:32.836 --> 00:26:35.718
loads,
may be buried below ground with those

0f07cf35-be4e-4795-a4a3-7712f4144d22-2
00:26:35.718 --> 00:26:40.074
high sediment loads and our tidal
wetlands along the East Coast are

0f07cf35-be4e-4795-a4a3-7712f4144d22-3
00:26:40.074 --> 00:26:45.006
differing greatly because of that and
they also are differing greatly within

0f07cf35-be4e-4795-a4a3-7712f4144d22-4
00:26:45.006 --> 00:26:46.800
our singular tidal wetlands.

38052229-e633-4d7c-b494-7caf5c878513-0
00:26:48.320 --> 00:26:54.360
So if we summarize that high energy
storms may induce carbon transport.

c70e5c06-2b35-4e19-ae42-a8ac491dadda-0
00:26:54.400 --> 00:26:57.898
As those storms go inland,
they may pick up that carbon,

c70e5c06-2b35-4e19-ae42-a8ac491dadda-1
00:26:57.898 --> 00:27:02.071
they pick up that sediment,
bring it down to the tidal wetland with

c70e5c06-2b35-4e19-ae42-a8ac491dadda-2
00:27:02.071 --> 00:27:06.000
high sediment rates,
push that carbon below ground to store it.

30200ad4-2411-409a-af39-453d72e008b0-0
00:27:06.600 --> 00:27:11.537
And this is happening very differently
depending on what tidal wetland you're in

30200ad4-2411-409a-af39-453d72e008b0-1
00:27:11.537 --> 00:27:15.316
along the East Coast,
as well as those specific tidal wetland

30200ad4-2411-409a-af39-453d72e008b0-2
00:27:15.316 --> 00:27:19.400
environments have different carbon
accumulation rates within them.

864e86e7-426a-4a2f-bd3b-abed43a20fa6-0
00:27:21.840 --> 00:27:24.473
So overall,
the key takeaways we have from this

864e86e7-426a-4a2f-bd3b-abed43a20fa6-1
00:27:24.473 --> 00:27:28.533
hurricane and carbon transports as well
as the water cycle is with modern

864e86e7-426a-4a2f-bd3b-abed43a20fa6-2
00:27:28.533 --> 00:27:31.495
hurricanes,
these modern hurricanes are bringing high

864e86e7-426a-4a2f-bd3b-abed43a20fa6-3
00:27:31.495 --> 00:27:31.880
energy.

5bda1f01-cf7a-41ea-90b8-0ca7cc494eee-0
00:27:32.040 --> 00:27:36.514
Those high energies may cause a quick
change in the carbon cycle,

5bda1f01-cf7a-41ea-90b8-0ca7cc494eee-1
00:27:36.514 --> 00:27:40.040
emitting CO2 with the high energy of the
hurricane.

406b1ab8-bfdd-45d6-a46c-04e0fd02aee8-0
00:27:40.440 --> 00:27:44.187
And then following hurricanes,
if we use our sediment cores,

406b1ab8-bfdd-45d6-a46c-04e0fd02aee8-1
00:27:44.187 --> 00:27:49.164
we can think that if there's flooding
inland, bringing carbon down to the coast,

406b1ab8-bfdd-45d6-a46c-04e0fd02aee8-2
00:27:49.164 --> 00:27:54.202
burying it with high sedimentation rates,
our wetlands may be storing more carbon

406b1ab8-bfdd-45d6-a46c-04e0fd02aee8-3
00:27:54.202 --> 00:27:55.800
after the hurricane event.

3713d9c3-653a-478a-a087-a0db1862eee7-0
00:27:59.280 --> 00:28:03.382
And we hope to use this information to
really better understand how these

3713d9c3-653a-478a-a087-a0db1862eee7-1
00:28:03.382 --> 00:28:07.152
environments are working,
to understand if we have more hurricanes,

3713d9c3-653a-478a-a087-a0db1862eee7-2
00:28:07.152 --> 00:28:11.200
how is that going to impact the carbon
cycle and future climate as well.

a5bebe4c-7190-4cb8-b9a1-a060bc6900b4-0
00:28:13.560 --> 00:28:13.720
OK.

3f8e3cd7-6548-47f7-bf21-f762c9688928-0
00:28:13.720 --> 00:28:17.000
And we're going to just transition
quickly to cover wildfires.

50784291-0a32-4fdb-befb-610bd70769d2-0
00:28:17.000 --> 00:28:20.800
So wildfires are large scale disturbances
just like hurricanes.

a6f27644-7f5b-44b6-93f9-4852db525bc6-0
00:28:22.120 --> 00:28:23.480
They are producing smoke.

1238aaa7-8627-4c3f-bc95-fd333a35dcf1-0
00:28:23.480 --> 00:28:25.320
They're producing these hot flames.

ff6a00d5-42ff-4ee7-8e9e-b2b2c123e2de-0
00:28:25.480 --> 00:28:27.640
They're changing how the environment
looks.

66643f5b-ad33-4c1c-a05e-9f152180d0ac-0
00:28:27.720 --> 00:28:32.835
It might even you could remember on the
North Shore last fall,

66643f5b-ad33-4c1c-a05e-9f152180d0ac-1
00:28:32.835 --> 00:28:38.520
waking up and seeing the smoke in the sky,
maybe smelling that smoke.

720b34da-6796-45dc-a6a4-af5d05ff8164-0
00:28:38.760 --> 00:28:41.440
These wildfires are producing a big
change.

873abe85-21b4-4155-8b63-be8d100c9f4a-0
00:28:42.280 --> 00:28:46.680
And the reason why these wildfires are
occurring is due to the water cycle.

6f21457e-7686-4acd-b267-cac5e4bdf283-0
00:28:46.920 --> 00:28:51.726
So we have drought conditions,
warm conditions, not a lot of water,

6f21457e-7686-4acd-b267-cac5e4bdf283-1
00:28:51.726 --> 00:28:55.120
allowing sparks or embers to create a
wildfire.

025f3fa2-60b9-4421-9821-27247c400838-0
00:28:55.480 --> 00:28:59.998
And when that wildfire occurs,
it's going to change the soil chemistry,

025f3fa2-60b9-4421-9821-27247c400838-1
00:28:59.998 --> 00:29:04.202
the microbes in that soil,
as well as how water reacts to the soil

025f3fa2-60b9-4421-9821-27247c400838-2
00:29:04.202 --> 00:29:05.520
after the fire event.

46b0484f-7759-41c5-a941-ffd5099e2bb2-0
00:29:07.560 --> 00:29:11.760
So that drought condition led to a fire
event.

0f9112fa-9ba3-4502-a552-ca7855ea2290-0
00:29:12.240 --> 00:29:14.880
That fire event is then going to change
the soil chemistry.

6de08d8f-d633-429f-b72f-b3e5848ce590-0
00:29:14.880 --> 00:29:20.160
So the combustion of the fire is going to
impact the chemistry of that soil.

c8d0713b-b396-46fa-8cc9-944ffe65a5fc-0
00:29:20.400 --> 00:29:24.974
By impacting the chemistry of the soil,
you're going to change how the microbes

c8d0713b-b396-46fa-8cc9-944ffe65a5fc-1
00:29:24.974 --> 00:29:28.120
are reacting in the soil to that
environmental change.

82d5ebb0-75e6-4b21-8a16-0e99e7c4bc2a-0
00:29:28.440 --> 00:29:32.806
And then following after the fire event,
you're changing the chemistry and the

82d5ebb0-75e6-4b21-8a16-0e99e7c4bc2a-1
00:29:32.806 --> 00:29:34.520
physical structure of the soil.

b8ac547d-232f-4140-8462-d49181fed5bb-0
00:29:34.520 --> 00:29:37.120
So you're going to change how water
reacts to that soil.

5870ba2a-c446-4d61-abeb-8d6b00f29f88-0
00:29:37.360 --> 00:29:42.367
Water is going to react differently if
not infiltrating or going into the ground

5870ba2a-c446-4d61-abeb-8d6b00f29f88-1
00:29:42.367 --> 00:29:47.374
or maybe it increases its overland flow
and flows over the surface carrying that

5870ba2a-c446-4d61-abeb-8d6b00f29f88-2
00:29:47.374 --> 00:29:49.599
fire material to local water versus.

57639605-3b90-4554-976f-e6ddd3d7e8c1-0
00:29:52.160 --> 00:29:55.080
And if we come back to our friends at the
IPCC,

57639605-3b90-4554-976f-e6ddd3d7e8c1-1
00:29:55.080 --> 00:29:59.766
they tell us that with climate change
we're going to have more compound heat

57639605-3b90-4554-976f-e6ddd3d7e8c1-2
00:29:59.766 --> 00:30:04.513
events and droughts and that's going to
lead to more increase in intense fire

57639605-3b90-4554-976f-e6ddd3d7e8c1-3
00:30:04.513 --> 00:30:05.000
weather.

1823f816-2c04-4fd0-b350-40df2f7f0177-0
00:30:05.520 --> 00:30:08.368
They also tell us that with climate
change,

1823f816-2c04-4fd0-b350-40df2f7f0177-1
00:30:08.368 --> 00:30:12.640
we're going to have larger and more
intense precipitation events.

0008bd90-235d-4074-a59e-757d7e4ffbf0-0
00:30:13.920 --> 00:30:16.536
So if we're having increased heat waves
and droughts,

0008bd90-235d-4074-a59e-757d7e4ffbf0-1
00:30:16.536 --> 00:30:18.280
it's going to lead us to more fires.

ede3dac2-e526-4faf-88df-2db4d56296c1-0
00:30:18.480 --> 00:30:23.009
And if we're having increased rain events,
heavy precipitation after that fire,

ede3dac2-e526-4faf-88df-2db4d56296c1-1
00:30:23.009 --> 00:30:27.200
what is that going to do for the carbon
cycle as well as the water cycle?

ed17dea0-23a1-4378-8c34-4f51bb777100-0
00:30:28.720 --> 00:30:34.544
So that kind of led to our objective is
how do wildfires impact the composition

ed17dea0-23a1-4378-8c34-4f51bb777100-1
00:30:34.544 --> 00:30:38.402
as well as the production of carbon in
environments,

ed17dea0-23a1-4378-8c34-4f51bb777100-2
00:30:38.402 --> 00:30:42.771
as well as once that carbon is changed
due to the wildfire,

ed17dea0-23a1-4378-8c34-4f51bb777100-3
00:30:42.771 --> 00:30:46.120
how is it then transported within the
system?

2e41aaad-01ec-4432-9677-f02968647a8e-0
00:30:46.560 --> 00:30:48.280
So we have three different working parts.

bacf29e5-5165-42bb-9dbf-6cb6d5b7d8b3-0
00:30:48.280 --> 00:30:51.746
We have our fire that's going to change
the solubility,

bacf29e5-5165-42bb-9dbf-6cb6d5b7d8b3-1
00:30:51.746 --> 00:30:53.480
the chemistry of the carbon.

cf0e05de-83e3-475e-81ed-3559bba1784e-0
00:30:53.720 --> 00:30:54.680
Is it more soluble?

1866766b-d5ac-4ed9-ad92-4f97c5b5d804-0
00:30:54.680 --> 00:30:58.160
Can it get into that water after the fire
and be transported?

be5e854b-6534-4c7e-8fe8-cce1523524bb-0
00:30:58.360 --> 00:31:00.960
Or is it going to stay in the system and
be insoluble?

2e532df7-f6d9-4321-965a-68e0b03a1ad8-0
00:31:01.120 --> 00:31:04.720
So if the fire is producing ash,
that is generally soluble.

da5c3ddd-6558-40b9-9c2d-3dbdd1b4026c-0
00:31:04.720 --> 00:31:09.175
If it's producing charcoal,
that's generally insoluble and then

da5c3ddd-6558-40b9-9c2d-3dbdd1b4026c-1
00:31:09.175 --> 00:31:10.080
infiltration.

80a8d1db-ae7f-4344-8df7-6fe5b968d1a8-0
00:31:10.080 --> 00:31:12.680
So how water is going to move that carbon
afterwards?

ecb4a504-f1f7-448d-aaa2-e56a044be11d-0
00:31:12.960 --> 00:31:16.003
So if it's an ash like material,
it's going to allow infiltration,

ecb4a504-f1f7-448d-aaa2-e56a044be11d-1
00:31:16.003 --> 00:31:18.320
it's going to allow water to flow into
the ground.

d0fb14f0-e7e5-4f8a-b45c-8afec27aa8af-0
00:31:18.560 --> 00:31:21.250
But if the fire is producing a lot of
charcoal,

d0fb14f0-e7e5-4f8a-b45c-8afec27aa8af-1
00:31:21.250 --> 00:31:25.677
it's going to produce that overland flow,
making water not go into the ground,

d0fb14f0-e7e5-4f8a-b45c-8afec27aa8af-2
00:31:25.677 --> 00:31:29.039
causing flooding,
going down to a local body or local water

d0fb14f0-e7e5-4f8a-b45c-8afec27aa8af-3
00:31:29.039 --> 00:31:29.320
body.

0a8366dd-50dc-40d0-91dd-61eef460e2d9-0
00:31:30.400 --> 00:31:32.848
And then finally,
if we're changing that water,

0a8366dd-50dc-40d0-91dd-61eef460e2d9-1
00:31:32.848 --> 00:31:36.368
we're changing that chemistry,
we're going to impact the microbes as

0a8366dd-50dc-40d0-91dd-61eef460e2d9-2
00:31:36.368 --> 00:31:39.480
well as the overall ecosystem and the
overall water quality.

b36548b5-706d-40fe-a9b9-524e8123264b-0
00:31:41.400 --> 00:31:46.020
So to study this,
last fall I was involved in conducting

b36548b5-706d-40fe-a9b9-524e8123264b-1
00:31:46.020 --> 00:31:50.560
high intensity prescribed fires over a
whole watershed.

0cfd8bc5-933f-41b5-8d06-a81fc6a533aa-0
00:31:51.480 --> 00:31:56.522
So the reason that we're doing this is
we're trying to use prescribed fires to

0cfd8bc5-933f-41b5-8d06-a81fc6a533aa-1
00:31:56.522 --> 00:32:00.097
not have future fires,
but also for a science aspect to

0cfd8bc5-933f-41b5-8d06-a81fc6a533aa-2
00:32:00.097 --> 00:32:03.480
understand how those fires are impacting
the system.

a0550b39-4b7c-46de-8a10-a9484a2aed89-0
00:32:03.760 --> 00:32:06.842
And we want to do this at a watershed
scale, not in a lab,

a0550b39-4b7c-46de-8a10-a9484a2aed89-1
00:32:06.842 --> 00:32:10.760
making sure that we're getting actual
measurements out in the environment.

dad277bf-de69-420b-b3c9-735676f391ce-0
00:32:11.040 --> 00:32:15.800
So we conducted 2 high intensity
prescribed burns in South Carolina in the

dad277bf-de69-420b-b3c9-735676f391ce-1
00:32:15.800 --> 00:32:20.560
Clemson Experimental Forest and at the
Savannah River National Laboratory.

72449668-a408-4b3f-930a-471dd57c46a7-0
00:32:22.320 --> 00:32:24.360
And so they're really intense fires.

671f4580-bb42-4af6-b8e9-0b40375a06c5-0
00:32:24.600 --> 00:32:28.114
And what we did with these fires is prior
to the fire,

671f4580-bb42-4af6-b8e9-0b40375a06c5-1
00:32:28.114 --> 00:32:33.034
we collected infiltration measurements to
see how water infiltrated into the

671f4580-bb42-4af6-b8e9-0b40375a06c5-2
00:32:33.034 --> 00:32:34.440
environment naturally.

aa4c8711-55d0-4a98-9b7f-39e642f6f1e2-0
00:32:34.960 --> 00:32:41.062
We collected soil course to get the
natural chemistry of the soil prior to

aa4c8711-55d0-4a98-9b7f-39e642f6f1e2-1
00:32:41.062 --> 00:32:44.480
the fire as well as surface water samples.

d48e0303-9707-4ece-a99f-108c0750ac32-0
00:32:44.800 --> 00:32:51.413
And then we had a wildfire prescribed
wildfire event we went through and we did

d48e0303-9707-4ece-a99f-108c0750ac32-1
00:32:51.413 --> 00:32:55.960
all of the same testing along with
measuring the fire.

9a51c4f1-b526-470c-9257-9db9a0321093-0
00:32:56.160 --> 00:32:59.760
We measured how severe the fire was as
well as how hot the fire got.

441dca92-4f34-48e8-9190-3c66496944f3-0
00:33:00.240 --> 00:33:01.240
And then we compare.

4d385dd8-aeff-4020-8692-9954cc39bfa4-0
00:33:01.240 --> 00:33:05.680
We can compare now our pre samples to our
post fire samples.

e730ac5e-9844-4303-9b69-5cc63b676699-0
00:33:05.680 --> 00:33:09.288
And why this is important is because you
generally don't know where a wildfire is

e730ac5e-9844-4303-9b69-5cc63b676699-1
00:33:09.288 --> 00:33:10.080
usually occurring.

f06aa20d-4f62-4f22-bd6b-b07d45b45e36-0
00:33:10.560 --> 00:33:15.253
So you can't get a pre control sample to
really know the full effects of the

f06aa20d-4f62-4f22-bd6b-b07d45b45e36-1
00:33:15.253 --> 00:33:16.960
wildfire on the environment.

3d9c9eb5-9bb4-4839-b933-049567969982-0
00:33:17.560 --> 00:33:20.980
With this study,
we were able to get that control pre

3d9c9eb5-9bb4-4839-b933-049567969982-1
00:33:20.980 --> 00:33:23.640
sample to be compared to the post samples.

83ed2f6d-c5d5-4aa5-b143-288071aa0256-0
00:33:23.960 --> 00:33:27.302
And since we know there's going to be
more precipitation,

83ed2f6d-c5d5-4aa5-b143-288071aa0256-1
00:33:27.302 --> 00:33:31.683
we also took samples after a few rain
events as well as simulated some rain

83ed2f6d-c5d5-4aa5-b143-288071aa0256-2
00:33:31.683 --> 00:33:36.351
events to really see how that carbon's
transporting after the fire and after the

83ed2f6d-c5d5-4aa5-b143-288071aa0256-3
00:33:36.351 --> 00:33:36.640
rain.

77e04f6d-67be-4ab3-b90d-bc46ae65aafe-0
00:33:38.360 --> 00:33:43.884
And so right now we're in the process of
doing a lot of lab work identifying that

77e04f6d-67be-4ab3-b90d-bc46ae65aafe-1
00:33:43.884 --> 00:33:46.309
carbon,
so identifying total carbon

77e04f6d-67be-4ab3-b90d-bc46ae65aafe-2
00:33:46.309 --> 00:33:47.320
concentrations.

1431cd92-f365-448b-9947-2a69f255592b-0
00:33:47.600 --> 00:33:49.680
We're also trying to characterize that
carbon.

37df5d7d-0dd3-42ef-9808-9cdc1622568e-0
00:33:49.880 --> 00:33:52.800
Is it a normal natural carbon or is it a
black carbon?

1f1a7efc-9d66-4b30-a150-89c125876a75-0
00:33:52.800 --> 00:33:54.600
Was it produced from the fire?

8f1fa202-551e-4749-ac67-48ae8a4b110a-0
00:33:55.600 --> 00:33:59.814
So we're doing this work with really high
level analytical equipment at the Pacific

8f1fa202-551e-4749-ac67-48ae8a4b110a-1
00:33:59.814 --> 00:34:01.320
Northwest National Laboratory.

bf18b66d-6604-490a-a908-3957b6582f64-0
00:34:01.640 --> 00:34:04.133
There's only 2FT ICR instruments in the
US,

bf18b66d-6604-490a-a908-3957b6582f64-1
00:34:04.133 --> 00:34:07.193
One's in the Pacific Northwest Laboratory
in Seattle,

bf18b66d-6604-490a-a908-3957b6582f64-2
00:34:07.193 --> 00:34:11.160
and the other is in Florida and
Jacksonville at another national lab.

210647f2-d534-4c56-9a08-2fd9ec5e9b11-0
00:34:12.120 --> 00:34:14.480
We're also doing photobiodegradation
studies.

41d1b492-7271-4c38-becc-3eb99fc75bb3-0
00:34:14.480 --> 00:34:18.831
So once the carbons produced,
we introduce it to microbes to see how

41d1b492-7271-4c38-becc-3eb99fc75bb3-1
00:34:18.831 --> 00:34:23.498
those microbes breakdown that carbon,
as well as taking a look at how the

41d1b492-7271-4c38-becc-3eb99fc75bb3-2
00:34:23.498 --> 00:34:26.399
microbial communities are reacting post
fire.

4f640def-e609-46ad-ae9d-710f179e7cf5-0
00:34:26.600 --> 00:34:31.738
Are certain species or certain types of
microbes becoming more abundant in the

4f640def-e609-46ad-ae9d-710f179e7cf5-1
00:34:31.738 --> 00:34:33.560
environment due to the fire?

23214b0a-b8ab-46da-8262-8e0dbc1a0215-0
00:34:35.920 --> 00:34:43.480
And then I moved to New England last fall
and wildfires followed me to New England.

515c083e-03e2-40d9-b6e8-d8360d52bd6a-0
00:34:44.080 --> 00:34:46.280
We had some local brush fires.

2d536ff2-62c8-42d5-9676-fd366d62e991-0
00:34:46.680 --> 00:34:50.877
So during this local brush fire,
we took the opportunity and a couple of

2d536ff2-62c8-42d5-9676-fd366d62e991-1
00:34:50.877 --> 00:34:53.120
students came out to sample some soils.

a79d4d25-5cb6-46c6-9693-395d5617cc14-0
00:34:53.680 --> 00:34:56.880
It happened right behind the Walmart
that's on Highland Ave.

e2dab41d-7981-426e-a527-64d1e6557807-0
00:34:56.960 --> 00:35:00.320
There was a pretty decent sized brush
fire that was pretty intense.

16035f40-1fdd-4961-b1a6-a9d70eaf836b-0
00:35:00.800 --> 00:35:02.880
You can see by the ash that it produced.

86fe4e53-f736-4d1b-9fb3-78f58227191d-0
00:35:04.360 --> 00:35:08.026
We went and we collected some soil
samples and we're planning to process

86fe4e53-f736-4d1b-9fb3-78f58227191d-1
00:35:08.026 --> 00:35:11.039
those soil samples to see what type of
carbon was produced,

86fe4e53-f736-4d1b-9fb3-78f58227191d-2
00:35:11.039 --> 00:35:13.399
maybe what type of toxic metals were
produced.

d6393eba-626b-4e30-b6cf-f3029381db59-0
00:35:13.400 --> 00:35:16.240
Fires can also produce metals in the
environment.

2522d477-ee71-4d7f-958f-2ba388431936-0
00:35:16.960 --> 00:35:22.718
And what is interesting about this fire
and this location is that there's a very

2522d477-ee71-4d7f-958f-2ba388431936-1
00:35:22.718 --> 00:35:27.978
steep slope behind that Walmart down into
this body of water spring Pond,

2522d477-ee71-4d7f-958f-2ba388431936-2
00:35:27.978 --> 00:35:30.680
which is a natural drinking reservoir.

d5892917-97e9-4484-8dbd-cecc95c19529-0
00:35:30.920 --> 00:35:35.790
So whatever was produced during that fire
with the water cycle has the opportunity

d5892917-97e9-4484-8dbd-cecc95c19529-1
00:35:35.790 --> 00:35:39.840
to at a later time be picked up and
brought down to that water body.

3f067420-670c-4caa-bf38-2efd3265ff71-0
00:35:43.080 --> 00:35:46.931
So overall, our key takeaways with fires,
with climate change,

3f067420-670c-4caa-bf38-2efd3265ff71-1
00:35:46.931 --> 00:35:50.600
we might have a increase in fire weather
and fire activity.

c7471aee-f431-4537-aad4-01979f4b0399-0
00:35:50.960 --> 00:35:55.001
We also with climate change might have
more flooding due to high precipitation

c7471aee-f431-4537-aad4-01979f4b0399-1
00:35:55.001 --> 00:35:55.360
events.

0908685c-2f36-44f7-85e1-c67d5ee858f5-0
00:35:55.800 --> 00:36:01.200
So fire events, they change our soil,
they change how water flows over the soil.

99f3a774-799b-4538-b78d-1f6232b5a5b3-0
00:36:01.320 --> 00:36:04.866
They change the chemistry of our soil,
producing different types of carbon,

99f3a774-799b-4538-b78d-1f6232b5a5b3-1
00:36:04.866 --> 00:36:06.080
different types of metals.

78c6ee4b-86cd-4494-9e35-4d58a5453777-0
00:36:06.360 --> 00:36:09.880
They also impact how our microbes can
break those constitutes down.

fdf0a941-a612-40b1-9379-95535e1a73f0-0
00:36:10.720 --> 00:36:14.516
And then if we have rain events,
that's going to impact that transport of

fdf0a941-a612-40b1-9379-95535e1a73f0-1
00:36:14.516 --> 00:36:18.517
those metals and carbons to our local
water bodies and that's going to impact

fdf0a941-a612-40b1-9379-95535e1a73f0-2
00:36:18.517 --> 00:36:19.800
our local drinking water.

dd4678a1-3214-4ff1-81a6-17a36600fc90-0
00:36:22.360 --> 00:36:26.654
So I just gave you a bunch of information,
even though I know you stopped listening

dd4678a1-3214-4ff1-81a6-17a36600fc90-1
00:36:26.654 --> 00:36:28.240
after 9 minutes and 59 seconds.

2832688f-3cb2-4f18-bf50-7be31283d446-0
00:36:28.600 --> 00:36:32.696
So the key takeaways, again,
we did a bunch on the water cycle,

2832688f-3cb2-4f18-bf50-7be31283d446-1
00:36:32.696 --> 00:36:36.728
carbon cycle, talked about hurricanes,
talked about wildfires,

2832688f-3cb2-4f18-bf50-7be31283d446-2
00:36:36.728 --> 00:36:38.200
how it impacts climate.

32670505-a86f-4c67-afc8-dbbca2b6b122-0
00:36:38.880 --> 00:36:41.720
But if you can take anything home,
water is precious.

2af82f0e-754d-4bac-af63-db784f764fe4-0
00:36:41.760 --> 00:36:43.640
It's one of our most precious commodities.

f2dc3e14-a206-47d2-801e-f3f4a21107e7-0
00:36:44.160 --> 00:36:47.600
The water cycle is closely combined with
the carbon cycle.

a78ea0d5-2c77-4fad-95fd-af3cacb29f1e-0
00:36:47.920 --> 00:36:52.320
So water on earth and climate are closely
related to one another.

76fa09d9-abb3-46d9-94c3-e06db02e3f55-0
00:36:53.000 --> 00:36:59.019
The IPCC is telling us that wildfires and
hurricanes are going to get worse and

76fa09d9-abb3-46d9-94c3-e06db02e3f55-1
00:36:59.019 --> 00:37:02.480
that is going to impact our water and
carbon.

4e9bcbad-d5d0-4c4b-b968-acc070c9c277-0
00:37:02.840 --> 00:37:06.686
And we need to continue to study that to
know how to react to those changes that

4e9bcbad-d5d0-4c4b-b968-acc070c9c277-1
00:37:06.686 --> 00:37:09.440
are happening with climate change and in
our environment.

70454279-5286-4b24-900a-f96d379e85b4-0
00:37:14.040 --> 00:37:17.463
And I would be remiss to also not bring
this up right now too,

70454279-5286-4b24-900a-f96d379e85b4-1
00:37:17.463 --> 00:37:19.040
as I have a captive audience.

0812aee2-70b8-42ca-abe2-f28b5784e7e5-0
00:37:19.400 --> 00:37:23.760
So all of the methods we do in
environmental science of collecting field

0812aee2-70b8-42ca-abe2-f28b5784e7e5-1
00:37:23.760 --> 00:37:26.926
samples in the liquid state, gas state,
solid-state,

0812aee2-70b8-42ca-abe2-f28b5784e7e5-2
00:37:26.926 --> 00:37:31.525
doing laboratory analysis on them,
it's very similar to processes you follow

0812aee2-70b8-42ca-abe2-f28b5784e7e5-3
00:37:31.525 --> 00:37:32.719
in forensic science.

7f7e9dff-35d0-4571-b55d-95917edda92f-0
00:37:33.200 --> 00:37:37.074
So if you're interested in that type of
lab work, that type of field collection,

7f7e9dff-35d0-4571-b55d-95917edda92f-1
00:37:37.074 --> 00:37:40.040
we have a forensic science program in the
geology department.

aa161836-7e4f-4976-8937-b1d0b3304abd-0
00:37:40.200 --> 00:37:43.101
If you scan that QR code,
it'll bring you to our page to take a

aa161836-7e4f-4976-8937-b1d0b3304abd-1
00:37:43.101 --> 00:37:43.600
look at it.

7e95696c-8536-4482-8546-4a40f8305fe3-0
00:37:46.920 --> 00:37:48.960
Yeah, so that is a great question.

c08925ac-dc39-4c95-ba62-7f27c0be17d3-0
00:37:48.960 --> 00:37:52.240
So that pH change there is generally a pH
change.

9747833a-e7da-479c-9b13-3decc5a7ae2c-0
00:37:53.040 --> 00:37:57.057
What I am more concerned about with the
pH change is how it changes metal

9747833a-e7da-479c-9b13-3decc5a7ae2c-1
00:37:57.057 --> 00:37:58.360
speciation in the water.

31e609bf-3d23-4f4a-8625-112709ece33a-0
00:37:58.720 --> 00:38:01.996
So pH will change how the chemistry is
occurring,

31e609bf-3d23-4f4a-8625-112709ece33a-1
00:38:01.996 --> 00:38:06.256
which can impact the production of
different metals, some toxic,

31e609bf-3d23-4f4a-8625-112709ece33a-2
00:38:06.256 --> 00:38:07.240
some non-toxic.

d350c08a-5f1f-49bb-acff-bef0bcbe4553-0
00:38:08.200 --> 00:38:12.870
So in terms of pH, if pH does change,
it usually becomes a little bit more

d350c08a-5f1f-49bb-acff-bef0bcbe4553-1
00:38:12.870 --> 00:38:14.240
acidic after the fire.

a697ffe5-7b32-45ec-bcc8-b1a45e838eb8-0
00:38:14.240 --> 00:38:18.600
So that would be the mobility of the
toxins changing the mobility.

5f71d191-f2c3-436e-9afa-2039401b5898-0
00:38:18.600 --> 00:38:18.840
Yep.

c6732090-d0fe-4b9d-920d-c0a760c46218-0
00:38:19.120 --> 00:38:19.680
Yeah, absolutely.

2b98e58f-74cd-47a9-af3d-40901400a83a-0
00:38:19.680 --> 00:38:20.520
Thank you so much.

638a2701-5eb5-4285-9941-aa6d8e8fa6f6-0
00:38:20.520 --> 00:38:20.800
Thank you.

136f68be-5af2-4075-b82a-dddf34dca856-0
00:38:27.640 --> 00:38:31.759
You showed us that during a hurricane
event,

136f68be-5af2-4075-b82a-dddf34dca856-1
00:38:31.759 --> 00:38:38.990
the wetland goes from a sequestering
cycle to an emission cycle and the system

136f68be-5af2-4075-b82a-dddf34dca856-2
00:38:38.990 --> 00:38:41.920
didn't recover for three months.

073a0471-aae5-4a31-b503-e378b260d530-0
00:38:43.520 --> 00:38:48.520
And you also told us that over time we
expect to see more hurricanes.

41a90bfa-b0de-4d8c-8318-8f8fb43101ff-0
00:38:48.880 --> 00:38:54.440
At what point these wetlands will not be
on a net balance sequentially any longer?

43a0ae72-8f8e-4b68-9931-ae7ec85bb47a-0
00:38:54.440 --> 00:38:57.280
How many hurricanes does it take?

f15167ea-0183-4e4d-a89a-e5a636c9445e-0
00:38:59.080 --> 00:39:00.440
That's a great question.

6d037b09-0c3b-4cca-b743-fbc73d25c270-0
00:39:00.440 --> 00:39:05.394
That is why we need to put more of these
instruments out and more wetlands to see

6d037b09-0c3b-4cca-b743-fbc73d25c270-1
00:39:05.394 --> 00:39:10.349
and why we did that extended four months
to really see how the system reacted and

6d037b09-0c3b-4cca-b743-fbc73d25c270-2
00:39:10.349 --> 00:39:11.920
came back to normal state.

2b6c615e-c0f7-42ef-9370-8012e6f2ea60-0
00:39:12.480 --> 00:39:13.800
I can't give a definitive answer.

886a84bd-fa7a-41e9-a39c-982da2a52e39-0
00:39:13.800 --> 00:39:27.725
That was the only hurricane I was lucky
enough to get,

886a84bd-fa7a-41e9-a39c-982da2a52e39-1
00:39:27.725 --> 00:39:36.840
but I have experience with that one.

26da07d8-7bda-4d59-af73-e8f2b41e29c5-0
00:39:36.840 --> 00:39:37.640
I don't think it is.

8be338f2-5ae9-478a-b24f-4eff190d4de1-0
00:39:47.040 --> 00:39:50.700
What causes,
if you know what causes the sequence or

8be338f2-5ae9-478a-b24f-4eff190d4de1-1
00:39:50.700 --> 00:39:55.673
the mission, African American,
is it that sediments are exposed or like

8be338f2-5ae9-478a-b24f-4eff190d4de1-2
00:39:55.673 --> 00:39:57.400
what's traffic that that?

3a50dcd7-bd24-4e84-9fcc-0de765b0e26a-0
00:40:03.400 --> 00:40:04.960
Yeah, that's a great question.

5a077455-01d4-47a0-a9e6-97d6a1e58e01-0
00:40:06.320 --> 00:40:11.000
From what I understand is that that
energy is churning off that sediment.

6f27b7b2-25b3-41a7-ab36-ba6795b0004f-0
00:40:11.000 --> 00:40:14.080
It's taking that carbon that is stored
below ground.

372fc3c6-feb9-4ba9-8b20-22ac407317eb-0
00:40:14.600 --> 00:40:19.277
Allowing it to then be kind of then
reused again in the environment,

372fc3c6-feb9-4ba9-8b20-22ac407317eb-1
00:40:19.277 --> 00:40:21.040
allow it to be re emitted.

96ff180e-152c-44f4-9d2f-7e00d4e4b1f8-0
00:40:21.280 --> 00:40:26.054
So this is usually low energy environment
storing things with high cementation rate

96ff180e-152c-44f4-9d2f-7e00d4e4b1f8-1
00:40:26.054 --> 00:40:28.840
is basically churned up and then released
again.

550fe327-27e0-45ac-92d9-4b750144d05e-0
00:40:30.800 --> 00:40:31.040
Yeah.

28a2c4bf-542f-4d56-bce1-cc69cb115783-0
00:40:32.080 --> 00:40:41.017
Is the sequestering of carbon occurring
primarily due to this carbon dioxide or

28a2c4bf-542f-4d56-bce1-cc69cb115783-1
00:40:41.017 --> 00:40:50.067
inorganic form and getting stuck in the
sediment or is it the organisms that are

28a2c4bf-542f-4d56-bce1-cc69cb115783-2
00:40:50.067 --> 00:40:51.520
biologically?

99b8d76d-2cff-4393-9f87-d1253b1a9b15-0
00:40:53.520 --> 00:40:54.440
Yeah, it's twofold.

5a03d737-049f-4154-93eb-a9c9b41fd92d-0
00:40:54.440 --> 00:40:57.000
Both of those are happening at the same
time.

78e7c8b9-90b4-4aae-8502-7899b1372ddc-0
00:40:57.000 --> 00:41:01.720
So what we were measuring is technically
the inorganic going down into the system.

3d4d7464-7f80-4730-b2f9-90d343aab7c3-0
00:41:02.680 --> 00:41:06.804
Total carbon when you're taking those
sediment cores would be both of inorganic

3d4d7464-7f80-4730-b2f9-90d343aab7c3-1
00:41:06.804 --> 00:41:07.320
and going.

ae146e86-fec7-4998-b7a6-4996ee99c251-0
00:41:10.720 --> 00:41:15.297
Did you look at what is affecting the
grasses and so forth from the dunes and

ae146e86-fec7-4998-b7a6-4996ee99c251-1
00:41:15.297 --> 00:41:17.000
and the algae in the surface?

f155b23a-c183-4381-9d49-6110cbef9048-0
00:41:17.040 --> 00:41:24.242
What kind of Yeah, that is,
I am not the best biologist so I did not

f155b23a-c183-4381-9d49-6110cbef9048-1
00:41:24.242 --> 00:41:25.600
look at that.

9f2c674c-ccb9-423c-b51f-ce6d6e9cc5ca-0
00:41:26.320 --> 00:41:30.440
But that would all impact the overall
carbon cycle and sequestration.

1373c948-f4ed-489f-934c-840764e0fa0b-0
00:41:32.800 --> 00:41:33.320
Yeah, thank you.

275df6e0-ac40-4e8e-98c8-bc1a9ca416f2-0
00:41:34.320 --> 00:41:37.551
I have a question,
general behavior actually related to that

275df6e0-ac40-4e8e-98c8-bc1a9ca416f2-1
00:41:37.551 --> 00:41:38.240
Turkey event.

4c6d226a-bff9-4d6f-beed-c42a16230eae-0
00:41:38.560 --> 00:41:42.035
So based on your talk,
you have one particular location,

4c6d226a-bff9-4d6f-beed-c42a16230eae-1
00:41:42.035 --> 00:41:43.560
one particular hurricane.

696a430c-a14c-4350-bcf1-aa667bcd8a06-0
00:41:44.040 --> 00:41:47.600
And then I mean we have the same problem
with geology all the time.

4b3f94e7-d5a2-4fba-9f87-7976651f662f-0
00:41:47.600 --> 00:41:52.285
We look at the modern,
but we need to have as many as examples

4b3f94e7-d5a2-4fba-9f87-7976651f662f-1
00:41:52.285 --> 00:41:52.880
we have.

92aa90e8-dba8-40e5-975c-f61e445a3b16-0
00:41:52.880 --> 00:41:56.160
So we have some generalization to look at
the geological record.

d74184ac-c713-4a27-ac18-37251aca4c37-0
00:41:57.360 --> 00:42:01.778
Do we have just one direct that you make
conclusion and look at the whole

d74184ac-c713-4a27-ac18-37251aca4c37-1
00:42:01.778 --> 00:42:05.480
geological record or do you see this in
other places as well?

a7c55c06-3dfc-49d9-bb80-35ab540f88b8-0
00:42:05.840 --> 00:42:09.303
You,
you do see these changes in increased

a7c55c06-3dfc-49d9-bb80-35ab540f88b8-1
00:42:09.303 --> 00:42:11.720
carbon storage and soil cores.

a4779ede-a3e1-4e61-bca1-eab52f4827c7-0
00:42:12.560 --> 00:42:17.960
So I created that system to measure CO2
flux in modern time.

21e55d03-aa6a-4fae-a85e-064a186af127-0
00:42:18.400 --> 00:42:22.208
The normal way to measure it is where the
chamber that's ground height,

21e55d03-aa6a-4fae-a85e-064a186af127-1
00:42:22.208 --> 00:42:23.160
like ankle height.

d9d04b46-028e-4a6f-961c-c1d2b92bbc53-0
00:42:23.560 --> 00:42:27.240
So it doesn't work in wetlands and it
doesn't work during hurricanes.

281e929c-99a9-44a0-867d-0a32b15ec0d3-0
00:42:27.400 --> 00:42:32.965
So there's not many studies doing modern
time prior unless you use a system like I

281e929c-99a9-44a0-867d-0a32b15ec0d3-1
00:42:32.965 --> 00:42:34.240
developed for that.

a620b1c4-7a83-4927-a367-93c45cbc8a15-0
00:42:35.160 --> 00:42:35.680
Just one.

15fececb-c12c-4c62-a64e-41284354bb7f-0
00:42:35.680 --> 00:42:39.889
And if you want to send people to do this
experiment and use my citation,

15fececb-c12c-4c62-a64e-41284354bb7f-1
00:42:39.889 --> 00:42:40.800
that'd be great.

583ddb6f-a373-41ab-9078-114714f01492-0
00:42:40.800 --> 00:42:49.045
We don't generally get,
we don't generally get hurricanes here,

583ddb6f-a373-41ab-9078-114714f01492-1
00:42:49.045 --> 00:42:51.880
but we do get Maurice.

ba7bb094-e52b-45b6-b9c6-79654ee730a9-0
00:42:53.360 --> 00:42:56.660
And I was wondering,
are you going to be trying to do the same

ba7bb094-e52b-45b6-b9c6-79654ee730a9-1
00:42:56.660 --> 00:43:00.798
kind of study with the eastern kind of
events which could be quite damaging to

ba7bb094-e52b-45b6-b9c6-79654ee730a9-2
00:43:00.798 --> 00:43:01.480
the seashore?

eb5a5ba3-105d-4028-a19f-f3185cdc5c69-0
00:43:02.120 --> 00:43:02.880
Yeah, absolutely.

407c17db-8a78-4348-a05c-5827c6d81d49-0
00:43:02.880 --> 00:43:03.440
I would love to.

ad752d26-37af-4854-9feb-781bb7cf37f6-0
00:43:03.440 --> 00:43:05.160
I'm especially up at Plum Island.

a23710d7-e4b4-423e-9dbb-16edee65cf06-0
00:43:05.160 --> 00:43:06.800
It's a beautiful wetland.

9e9f90ec-6420-4235-82c1-76dec3db9d67-0
00:43:07.560 --> 00:43:08.600
So absolutely.

cc132abf-bb1b-49b7-8391-1ebd2b210320-0
00:43:08.600 --> 00:43:11.427
I when I was writing grants initially for
this,

cc132abf-bb1b-49b7-8391-1ebd2b210320-1
00:43:11.427 --> 00:43:15.433
I was very particular in saying high
energy storms, not hurricanes,

cc132abf-bb1b-49b7-8391-1ebd2b210320-2
00:43:15.433 --> 00:43:18.320
because any type of high energy could
impact it.

369a8b88-ccda-42ef-847a-7a96d93314f9-0
00:43:34.520 --> 00:43:39.120
So I think it seems like sedimentation in
general helps to store gardening.

d26feb7b-69b7-40b3-8d53-9b67caf8e879-0
00:43:39.720 --> 00:43:46.097
And I have an interest in a local project
where they've been dredging some local

d26feb7b-69b7-40b3-8d53-9b67caf8e879-1
00:43:46.097 --> 00:43:49.955
ponds,
which I'm not happy about because we like

d26feb7b-69b7-40b3-8d53-9b67caf8e879-2
00:43:49.955 --> 00:43:52.160
insect moths and other like.

bb4f6b1c-4973-4c9d-a606-779389146cd8-0
00:43:52.680 --> 00:43:57.335
And I'm also now thinking because it
seems to be attractive used by

bb4f6b1c-4973-4c9d-a606-779389146cd8-1
00:43:57.335 --> 00:43:59.800
municipalities to quote clean ponds.

651a8dbc-948e-44d2-bf78-d5fbbe5bb242-0
00:44:00.080 --> 00:44:05.267
But are we also then create a net
emission of carbon by by doing the

651a8dbc-948e-44d2-bf78-d5fbbe5bb242-1
00:44:05.267 --> 00:44:10.680
stretching when sedimentation is actually
holding just crust or carbon?

1c347a60-8357-49e0-a5f0-2ab7f7872bbf-0
00:44:11.920 --> 00:44:12.800
Yeah, absolutely.

a70e2d83-3c37-4f15-bcbf-00071e512a56-0
00:44:12.800 --> 00:44:15.454
I mean,
it goes into the fact that it's kind of

a70e2d83-3c37-4f15-bcbf-00071e512a56-1
00:44:15.454 --> 00:44:18.440
all connected,
all the whole environment's connected.

a14a3a1a-d5c5-456c-a073-7e3fbcb06d00-0
00:44:18.440 --> 00:44:21.930
So if you dredge,
you don't have to maybe add chemicals to

a14a3a1a-d5c5-456c-a073-7e3fbcb06d00-1
00:44:21.930 --> 00:44:24.120
stop those algal blooms or something.

8bda7023-8c60-4fa6-a9fa-c9b592e8e6dc-0
00:44:24.600 --> 00:44:28.232
But adding those chemicals might change
the acidity, how carbon reacts,

8bda7023-8c60-4fa6-a9fa-c9b592e8e6dc-1
00:44:28.232 --> 00:44:29.040
how it's stored.

827971d0-fc39-4d7c-9f7e-cfbe4842cee5-0
00:44:29.560 --> 00:44:33.856
So it's kind of a double edged sword I
guess that I can't give an exact answer

827971d0-fc39-4d7c-9f7e-cfbe4842cee5-1
00:44:33.856 --> 00:44:35.760
to unless you have data showing it.

2a7ee1d1-a534-4078-a937-91dd6d015f1a-0
00:44:35.760 --> 00:44:40.658
But sounds interesting to collect soil
cores and then do the dredging and see

2a7ee1d1-a534-4078-a937-91dd6d015f1a-1
00:44:40.658 --> 00:44:41.600
how it changes.

5f71ee1c-1884-4ff1-af76-a2026177ff7d-0
00:44:48.200 --> 00:44:50.864
Storms caused,
they caused like the lease of carbon,

5f71ee1c-1884-4ff1-af76-a2026177ff7d-1
00:44:50.864 --> 00:44:51.920
like from the ground.

061e17a7-f76a-4b3d-80f3-b3609b276390-0
00:44:52.000 --> 00:44:54.000
So it almost is like a runaway effect.

e7478571-ddd0-4891-b120-cd51839e9484-0
00:44:54.080 --> 00:44:56.960
It's like more carbon causes more storms,
which causes even more.

8a3f7ecf-e8df-4ce9-90f2-bf84b2a36aed-0
00:44:57.600 --> 00:45:00.040
So that like is that kind of accurate to
say?

f0d1f7ec-a136-45a2-bcf6-5ceba4bf566a-0
00:45:00.360 --> 00:45:01.240
Yeah, absolutely.

b6633c99-62ba-42f9-a8dc-a2fdeef6da3b-0
00:45:01.240 --> 00:45:01.960
That's perfect.

687cd804-72e5-4a8a-bd3e-4b6bb3f46bfc-0
00:45:01.960 --> 00:45:03.200
That's what we call feedback loop.

478e8be7-f80e-4d0b-881f-6cd00856934c-0
00:45:03.200 --> 00:45:04.560
That's exactly what I was trying to show.

e2f0394c-99c1-45e3-9b32-2490f0890927-0
00:45:04.560 --> 00:45:05.160
So good job.

48069245-6cc3-4f2a-8103-5d6e444d0985-0
00:45:06.360 --> 00:45:07.280
It's a feedback loop.

79c5f84e-91e9-4ae7-b3c4-7c01ea575ac5-0
00:45:07.280 --> 00:45:10.222
If we have more storms,
we're releasing more CO2,

79c5f84e-91e9-4ae7-b3c4-7c01ea575ac5-1
00:45:10.222 --> 00:45:13.400
impacting climate potential for that to
happen again.